Right form of verbs JSC,SSC,HSC,BCS
  Rule(1):Â
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ clause-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻ°Â āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύā§Â clause-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ finite verb(āĻā§āϞā§)āĻā§Â non-finite verb āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
âOne Clause = One Subject āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ + One Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
â Subject = he, she,they, Samin
â Finite Verb= Auxiliary /verbš/verb² = am/is/are/go/grow/went/grew
âNonfinite Verb= To+verbš/Verbš+ing/VerbÂŗ/Having+verbÂŗ= To go/going/gone/having gone
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ non-finite verb āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Verb āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ subject āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧠= V1 + Ing (Present Participle)
-  āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠= to + V1 (Infinitive)
- Verb āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ subject āĻāϰāϤ⧠āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧠=V3 (Past Participle) [for passive or perfect sentences]
Method 1: Subject āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧠= V1 + ing (Present Participle) āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect: (Finish) his work, he went home. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠went āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb āϤāĻžāĻ finish āĻā§ nonfinite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct: Finishing his work, he went home. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠finish āĻā§ nonfinite āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Explanation : āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ participial phrase āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻā§ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ phrase-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ present participle (âIng) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ Finishing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: (Not know) the answer, he remained silent. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠remained āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ know āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct: Not knowing the answer, he remained silent. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠know āĻā§ nonfinite āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Explanation : āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ participial phrase āĻāĻ āύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ Not + verb + Ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âāĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āύāĻž āĻā§āύā§â āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠Not knowing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: (Hear) the news, she started crying. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠started āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ hear āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct: Hearing the news, she started crying.
Explanation : âāϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āύā§â āϏāĻŽā§/āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠clause-āĻā§ participial phrase-āĻ āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠verb-āĻ âing āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She walked out of the room, (Smile). āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠walked āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ smile āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â She walked out of the room, smiling.
Explanation : āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāĻžāĻ âwalked outâ āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠âing āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽ āϞāĻžāĻā§âsmilingāĨ¤
Incorrect: She stood at the window, (Look) at the stars.
Correct: She stood at the window, looking at the stars.
Explanation : âāϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāĻŋā§ā§ââāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ continuous action āϝāĻž āĻŽā§āϞ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ âing āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύāĨ¤
Incorrect: (Walk) through the park, I saw a beautiful bird. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠saw āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ walk āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â Walking through the park, I saw a beautiful bird.
Explanation : âāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§â āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠sentence-opening participial phrase āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ âing āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽ WalkingāĨ¤
Incorrect: The man (Sit) on the bench is my uncle.āĻ āĻāĻžāύ⧠is āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ sit āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct: The man sitting on the bench is my uncle.
Explanation : āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠(sitting on the bench) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ participial adjective/phrase āϝāĻž âmanâ-āĻā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ modifier āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ âing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I saw a (run) train. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠saw āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ run āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct: I saw a running train.
Explanation : noun (train)-āĻā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž adjective participle āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠âing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ â running traināĨ¤
Incorrect: (Have finish) my homework, I went to play.āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠went āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ finish āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct: Having finished my homework, I went to play.
Explanation : āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠having + past participle (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ perfect participle, āϝāĻž āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: (Have be insult) he left the room. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠left āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ insult āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct: Having been insulted, he left the room.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠passive āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āϰā§ā§āĻā§ââāĻ āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§âāĨ¤
Passive perfect participle āĻāĻ āύā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ: having + been + V3 . āϤāĻžāĻ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ having been insultedāĨ¤
āĻā§āύ âing āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§? (āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž)
- Participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ
- āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāĻ/āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ/āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ/āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠participial phrase āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻ phrase-āĻ verb-āĻā§ present participle (Vš + ing) āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻŦā§ having + V3 / having been + V3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- noun-āĻā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠âing āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽ participial adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Method 2: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§Â to + V1 (Infinitive)āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§
non-finite āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
- Incorrect: (Learn) English is important. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠is āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ learn āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: To learn English is important.
- Explanation (Bangla): āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠to-infinitive āύā§āĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âāĻļā§āĻāĻžâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ/āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž â āĻāĻāύā§āϝ to learnāĨ¤
- Incorrect: He wants (Play) football. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠wants āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ play āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: He wants to play football.
- Explanation: âwantâ, âwishâ, âplanâ, âhopeââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āĻāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to-infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ to playāĨ¤
- Incorrect: He is too tired (Walk). āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠is āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ walk āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: He is too tired to walk.
- Explanation: âtoo + adjective + to-infinitiveâ â āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ fixed patternāĨ¤ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāϤ āĻā§āϞāĻžāύā§āϤ āϝ⧠āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
- Incorrect: He studies hard (Pass) the exam. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠studies āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ pass āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: He studies hard to pass the exam.
- Explanation: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ (purpose) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠to-infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ââāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžā§ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝâ â to passāĨ¤
- Incorrect: It is easy (Solve) this problem. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠is āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ solve[ āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: It is easy to solve this problem.
- Explanation: âIt is + adjective + to-infinitiveâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ fixed structureāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ to solveāĨ¤
- Incorrect: She decided (Leave) early. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠decided āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ leave āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: She decided to leave early.
- Explanation: âdecideâ, âagreeâ, âchooseâ, âlearnââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āĻāϞ⧠to-infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- Incorrect: I donât know how (Swim).āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠know āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ swim āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: I donât know how to swim.
- Explanation: âhow/what/when + to-infinitiveâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžā§/āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
- Incorrect: He made a promise (Help) me.
- Correct: He made a promise to help me.
- Explanation: âpromise, plan, decision, offerâ āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠to-infinitive āĻšā§āĨ¤
- Incorrect: She wants (Be invited) to the party.
- Correct: She wants to be invited to the party.
- Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠passive infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§:
to + be + past participle
āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ âāĻāĻŽāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤā§âāĨ¤
 āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§âāĻā§āύ to-infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞā§?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§ āϝāĻāύ âāĻāϰāϤā§â, âāĻšāĻā§āĻžâ, âāϝā§āϤā§â, âāĻā§āϞāϤā§â, âāĻĒā§āϤā§â āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ infinitive āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻšā§â
āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ to + verb (infinitive) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
â āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻž:
-  āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ (purpose): to pass
-  āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ/āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ: want to, decide to
-  āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ adjective āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§: easy to, hard to
- Â passive infinitive: to be invited
-  sentence subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§: To learn English is important.
Method 3:
Verb āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ subject āĻāϰāϤ⧠āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧠V3 (Past Participle)āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§Â non-finite āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
- The book was (write) by Rabindranath Tagore. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠was āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ write āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct:Â written
- Explanation : āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠passive voice āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ Passive āĻāĻ āύ⧠verb-āĻāϰ V3 (past participle) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ subject āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰā§āύāĻŋâāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ written āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
- (Have finish) the work, he went home.
- Correct: Having finished
- Explanation : āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠perfect participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Perfect participle-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āύ having + V3āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ having finished āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
- (Shock) by the news, she started crying. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠started āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ shock āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct:Â Shocked
- Explanation : āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠participle adjective āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§âāϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠V3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âshockedâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
- The documents (sign) by the manager are important. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠are āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ sign āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: signed
- Explanation : âdocumentsââāĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻĒāϤā§āϰâsubject āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ (sign āĻāϰāĻž)āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ passive participle āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ V3 āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽ signed āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- I found a (break) chair in the room.
- Correct: broken
- Explanation : āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻžâāĻāĻāĻŋ passive āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Noun-āĻā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠V3 participle adjective āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ brokenāĨ¤
- All things (consider), we made the best decision. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠made āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ consider āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: considered
- Explanation : āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ absolute participial phrase, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻŦāĻāĻŋāĻā§ âāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰā§â āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠V3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- (Tire) after work, he went to bed early.
- Correct: Tired
- Explanation : āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧâāĻāĻāĻŋ passive āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ V3 tired āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
- (Leave) alone in the house, the child started crying. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠started āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ leave āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: Left
- Explanation: āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧠āϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞâāĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ âāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤â Passive āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ participial phrase āĻāĻ āύ⧠V3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ leftāĨ¤
- (Defeat) in the match, the team felt disappointed.
- Correct: Defeated
- Explanation : āĻĻāϞāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋâāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĒāĻā§āώ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ Passive āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠V3 participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ defeatedāĨ¤
- Well (begin) is half done. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠is āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ begin āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Correct: begun
- Explanation : âWell begunâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ English expressionāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻā§âāĻāĻ passive/complete state āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠verb-āĻāϰ V3 (begun) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Final Summary
- If a sentence has more than one finite verb in a single clause:
Use V1 + ing (if two actions happen at the same time)
Use to + V1Â (if one action happens for a purpose)
Use V3Â (in passive or perfect constructions)
 Rule 2:Â
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Complex Sentence āĻ āϝāϤ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ Clause āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ Clause āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Subject āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Finite Verb āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž Nonfinite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Nonfinite= To+v1/v1+ing/v3
Example:
Incorrect: Since he was tired, he stopped (work) after (complete) his assignment. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠stopped āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ work/complete āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â working / completing
Explanation : Complex sentence-āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ clause-āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠finite verb āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âstoppedâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âafterââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāϰ finite verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻā§ nonfinite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ Nonfinite verb āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ V + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ working āĻāĻŦāĻ completing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: Because she had forgotten the key, she waited outside without (make) any noise. āĻāĻāĻžāύā§waited āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ make āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â making
Explanation (Bangla): âwithoutââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠finite verb āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ verb āϝā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž nonfinite (V + ing) āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ making āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Although he tried his best, he failed (solve) the problem (give) by the teacher. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠failed āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ solve /give āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â to solve, given
Explanation: âfailedââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠to + V1 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ to solveāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ âproblem (âĻby the teacher)â passive sense āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§; āϤāĻžāĻ V3 (past participle) given āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ nonfinite formāĨ¤
Incorrect: As it was raining heavily, they decided (stay) inside after (finish) their meal. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠decided āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ stay/finish āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â to stay, finishing
Explanation: âdecidedââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āĻāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to-infinitive āϞāĻžāĻā§âto stayāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ âafterââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠nonfinite verb āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ Vš + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§âfinishingāĨ¤
Incorrect: When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stopped (talk) and started (write). āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠stopped āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ talk/writeāĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â talking, writing
Explanation :âstoppedâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âstartedââāĻāĻ verb āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠verb-āĻā§ V + ing (nonfinite) āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ finite verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ talking āĻāĻŦāĻ writing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: If you work hard, you will succeed in (achieve) your dream āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠will āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ achieve āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â achieving
Explanation : âsucceed inâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ fixed phraseāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ Vš + ing nonfinite āϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ achievingāĨ¤
Incorrect: Though she was scolded by her mother, she kept (read) the book without (say) anything.
Correct: reading, saying
Explanation : âkeptââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠verb-āĻā§ V + ing āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ âwithoutââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠finite verb āĻšā§ āύāĻž, āϤāĻžāĻ nonfinite V + ing āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰâreading, sayingāĨ¤
Incorrect: As the sun had set, the birds returned to their nests after (fly) all day. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠returned āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb. āϤāĻžāĻ fly āĻā§ non finite āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Correct:Â flying
Explanation : âafterââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§ nonfinite Vš + ing āϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ action āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ flyingāĨ¤
Incorrect: Since he was tired, he stopped (work) after (complete) his assignment.
Correct: Since he was tired, he stopped working after completing his assignment.
Explanation : āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ clause-āĻāϰ finite verb āĻšāϞ⧠stoppedāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ complex sentence-āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ clause-āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤā§āĻ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ; āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ verb āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϏ⧠āϤāĻž nonfinite (non-finite) āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
stopped āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§, āϤāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ V + ing (gerund) āύā§ā§ â āϝā§āĻŽāύ stopped working (āĻā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž)āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ work āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻžā§āĻž after āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ conjunction/preposition-āϧāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžā§ â āĻāĻŽāύ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠after + V+ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ after completing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§: work āĻāĻŦāĻ complete āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ finite āĻŦāĻž base form āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āϞ; āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ working āĻ completing nonfinite (gerund) āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Incorrect: Because she had forgotten the key, she waited outside without (make) any noise.
Correct: Because she had forgotten the key, she waited outside without making any noise.
Explanation:
āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠clause-āĻāϰ finite verb āĻšāϞ⧠waitedāĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āϏā§āĻāĻž nonfinite āϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
without āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ preposition; preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠verb āĻāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋ gerund (V+ing) āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ preposition direct infinitive āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ without making āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
make (base form) āĻŦāĻž to make āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠grammatical āĻā§āϞ āĻšā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ preposition + to + verb (infinitive) āĻāĻ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āύā§; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ without + V+ingāĨ¤
Incorrect: Although he tried his best, he failed (solve) the problem (give) by the teacher.
Correct: Although he tried his best, he failed to solve the problem given by the teacher.
Explanation : āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ finite verb āĻšāϞ⧠failedāĨ¤ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠fail āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āύāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰ⧠āϤāĻāύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to-infinitive (to + V1) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§: failed to solve = āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ solve āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϞ; to solve āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ the problem (give) by the teacherâāĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž-āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ passive āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ (āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž)āĨ¤ passive āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠verb-āĻāϰ nonfinite āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§ past participle (V3), āϤāĻžāĻ given āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ give base form āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠passive āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āϏāĻžāϰāĻŽāϰā§āĻŽ: solve â to solve (fail + to-infinitive), āĻāĻŦāĻ give â given (passive, past participle)āĨ¤
Incorrect: As it was raining heavily, they decided (stay) inside after (finish) their meal.
Correct: As it was raining heavily, they decided to stay inside after finishing their meal.
Explanation : decided āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb; decide-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to + V1 (to-infinitive) āϞāĻžāĻā§ āϝāĻāύ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ/āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ â āϤāĻžāĻ decided to stay āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ decided stay āĻŦāĻž decided staying āĻā§āϞ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
after āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύāϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžā§ (āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšā§ā§ āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻ), āϤāĻāύ after + V+ing āĻŦāϏ⧠â āϤāĻžāĻ after finishing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ after to finish āĻŦāĻž after finish āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ/āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§: āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ â decide to + V1; āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ â after + V+ingāĨ¤
Incorrect: When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stopped (talk) and started (write).
Correct: When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stopped talking and started writing.
Explanation:
āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠stopped āĻāĻŦāĻ startedâāĻāĻā§āĻ finite verbsāĨ¤ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ stop āĻ start āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ V+ing āύā§ā§: stop talking, start writing (āĻāĻāĻžā§āĻž start to write āĻ possible āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠stop to talk āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§)āĨ¤
āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: stopped talking āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāύ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž; stopped to talk āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāϞ (āϤāĻāύ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ) āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝā§âāϏā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϤā§āϰāϰāĻž āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻĻā§ā§ â āϤāĻžāĻ talking/writing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāĻ talk āĻ write āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ base form āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: If you work hard, you will succeed in (achieve) your dream.
Correct: If you work hard, you will succeed in achieving your dream.
Explanation (āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ):
āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ finite verb will (will succeed) āĻāĻā§, āĻāϰ succeed in āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ fixed phrasal verb/verb + preposition āĻāύāϏā§āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻļāύ; succeed in āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝāĻāύ verb āϞāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻž V+ing (gerund) āĻšā§ â āϝā§āĻŽāύ succeed in achievingāĨ¤
succeed to achieve āĻŦāĻž succeed achieve āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύ āύāĻž; āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ succeed āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻĢāϞāϤ achieve āĻā§ nonfinite gerund āĻāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§: achievingāĨ¤
Incorrect: Though she was scolded by her mother, she kept (read) the book without (say) anything.
Correct: Though she was scolded by her mother, she kept reading the book without saying anything.
Explanation :
kept āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠finite verb; keep (in the sense of continue) āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϞāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ keep + V+ing āύā§āϝāĻŧ (āĻŦāĻž keep on + V+ing)āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ kept reading āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ kept to read āĻŦāĻž kept read āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
without āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ prepositionâpreposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āĻšāϞ⧠V+ing āϞāĻžāĻā§; āϤāĻžāĻ without saying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ without say āĻŦāĻž without to say āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĢāϞ⧠read āĻ say āĻā§ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ reading āĻ saying āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: As the sun had set, the birds returned to their nests after (fly) all day.
Correct: As the sun had set, the birds returned to their nests after flying all day.
Explanation :
āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠returned āĻšāϞ⧠finite verb; after āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ conjunction/preposition āϝāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻŦā§ā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠after + V+ing āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻšā§ (āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ āϤā§āϤāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻ āύā§āϝāĻāĻŋ)āĨ¤
after flying all day â āĻĻāĻŋāύāĻāϰ āĻā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻļā§āώ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧠āĻā§āϞâāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āĻ flying (gerund) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻā§āĻāϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤ after fly āĻŦāĻž after to fly āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞ āύā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Even though the boy was injured, he continued (play) without (complain).
Correct: Even though the boy was injured, he continued playing without complaining.
Explanation :
continued āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ finite verb; continue (in the sense of āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž) āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ continue + V+ing āύā§ā§: continued playingāĨ¤ Base form continue play āĻā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖāĨ¤
without prepositionâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠V+ing āϞāĻžāĻā§: without complainingāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāĻ play āĻ complain āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻž; āϏā§āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ gerund āϰā§āĻĒā§ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Since she had studied well, she managed (answer) all the questions (give) in the exam.
Correct: Since she had studied well, she managed to answer all the questions given in the exam.
Explanation:
managed āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to + V1 (to-infinitive) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻĢāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§: managed to answer â āϏāĻĢāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ answer āĻā§ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻā§āϞ āĻšāĻŦā§; to answer āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ the questions (give) in the exam â āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻā§āϞ⧠passive-sense āĻ āĻāĻā§ (āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ/āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻĒāĻā§āώ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ), āϤāĻžāĻ āϏā§āĻ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠past participle (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§: questions given in the examāĨ¤ Base form give āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠passive āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āϏāĻžāϰāĻŽāϰā§āĻŽ: managed to + V1 āĻāĻŦāĻ passive context â V3 (given)āĨ¤
 Rule 3:
  āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ To āϝā§āĻā§āϤ Phrase āĻāĻā§ āϝāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â Verbš+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧠To āϝā§āĻā§āϤ Phrase āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĻā§ā§āĻž āĻšāϞāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ : Verb+ing+extension.
Look forward to + V-ing â āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Be used to + V-ing â āĻ āĻā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Get used to + V-ing â āĻ āĻā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ āĻž
Be committed to + V-ing â āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϰā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Be devoted to + V-ing â āύāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Be dedicated to + V-ing â āĻā§āϏāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Be accustomed to + V-ing â āĻ āĻā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Object to + V-ing â āĻāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž
Admit to + V-ing â āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž
Confess to + V-ing â āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Be opposed to + V-ing â āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Lead to + V-ing â āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§
Contribute to + V-ing â āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž
Be addicted to + V-ing â āĻāϏāĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Be receptive to + V-ing â āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ/āĻāύā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Resort to + V-ing â āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻž
Be resigned to + V-ing â āĻŽā§āύ⧠āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Be averse to + V-ing â āĻ āύāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻšā§/āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Look forward to
Example:
Incorrect: I look forward to (meet) you.
Correct: I look forward to meeting you.
Explanation: look forward to-āϤ⧠to preposition; preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠V + ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ meeting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Be used to
Incorrect: Samin is used to (wake) up early.
Correct: Samin is used to waking up early.
Explanation: be used to-āϤ⧠to preposition; preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ ing-form āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ waking āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Get used to
Incorrect: He is getting used to (drive) in the city.
Correct: He is getting used to driving in the city.
Explanation: get used to â āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ ing āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Be committed to
Incorrect: She is committed to (help) the poor.
Correct: She is committed to helping the poor.
Explanation: committed to-āϤ⧠to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ V + ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Be devoted to
Incorrect: He is devoted to (teach) children.
Correct: He is devoted to teaching children.
Explanation: devoted to-āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ teaching āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Be dedicated to
Incorrect: They are dedicated to (protect) the environment.
Correct: They are dedicated to protecting the environment.
Explanation: dedicated to â āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ V + ing āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
Be opposed to
Incorrect: Many people are opposed to (cut) down trees.
Correct: Many people are opposed to cutting down trees.
Explanation: opposed to-āϤ⧠to prepositionâāϤāĻžāĻ cutting āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Be accustomed to
Incorrect: She is accustomed to (work) late at night.
Correct: She is accustomed to working late at night.
Explanation: accustomed to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Object to
Incorrect: He objected to (pay) extra fees.
Correct: He objected to paying extra fees.
Explanation: object to-āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ paying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Adjust to
Incorrect: They adjusted to (live) in a new country.
Correct: They adjusted to living in a new country.
Explanation: adjust to â preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠V + ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
React to
Incorrect: He reacted to (be) called lazy.
Correct: He reacted to being called lazy.
Explanation: react to-āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ being āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Be open to
Incorrect: She is open to (try) new ideas.
Correct: She is open to trying new ideas.
Explanation: open to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ trying āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Confess to
Incorrect: He confessed to (steal) the money.
Correct: He confessed to stealing the money.
Explanation: confess to-āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ stealing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Lead to
Incorrect: Too much stress can lead to (feel) overwhelmed.
Correct: Too much stress can lead to feeling overwhelmed.
Explanation: lead to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ ing āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Contribute to
Incorrect: Regular exercise contributes to (stay) healthy.
Correct: Regular exercise contributes to staying healthy.
Explanation: contribute to-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠V + ing āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĨ¤
Resort to
Incorrect: They resorted to (cheat) to pass the exam.
Correct: They resorted to cheating to pass the exam.
Explanation: resort to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ cheating āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Be limited to
Incorrect: The discussion is limited to (talk) about politics.
Correct: The discussion is limited to talking about politics.
Explanation: limited to-āϤ⧠to preposition āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ V + ing āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
 Be prone to
Incorrect: He is prone to (get) sick in winter.
Correct: He is prone to getting sick in winter.
Explanation: prone to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ getting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Be related to
Incorrect: This topic is related to (improve) communication skills.
Correct: This topic is related to improving communication skills.
Explanation: related to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ improving āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Be addicted to
Incorrect: He is addicted to (play) video games.
Correct: He is addicted to playing video games.
Explanation: addicted to-āϤ⧠to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ playing āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Devote oneself to
Incorrect: She devoted herself to (help) the poor.
Correct: She devoted herself to helping the poor.
Explanation: devote oneself to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ helping āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Commit oneself to
Incorrect: He committed himself to (learn) English.
Correct: He committed himself to learning English.
Explanation: commit oneself to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ learning āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Be resigned to
Incorrect: She is resigned to (work) late nights.
Correct: She is resigned to working late nights.
Explanation: resigned to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ working āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Adapt to
Incorrect: He adapted to (live) in a new country.
Correct: He adapted to living in a new country.
Explanation: adapt to â preposition āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠V + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Be close to
Incorrect: He is close to (achieve) his dream.
Correct: He is close to achieving his dream.
Explanation: close to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ achieving āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Be essential to
Incorrect: Regular practice is essential to (become) a great musician.
Correct: Regular practice is essential to becoming a great musician.
Explanation: essential to-āϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ becoming āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Respond to
Incorrect: He responded to (be) criticized with patience.
Correct: He responded to being criticized with patience.
Explanation: respond to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ being āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Lead to (again)
Incorrect: Poor diet can lead to (gain) weight.
Correct: Poor diet can lead to gaining weight.
Explanation: lead to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ gaining āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Give priority to
Incorrect: She gives priority to (spend) time with family.
Correct: She gives priority to spending time with family.
Explanation: give priority to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ spending āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
With a view to
Incorrect: Sara came to my house with a view to (watch) TV.
Correct: Sara came to my house with a view to watching TV.
Explanation: with a view to â āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ ing āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
 Be inclined to
Incorrect: He is inclined to (take) risks.
Correct: He is inclined to taking risks.
Explanation: inclined to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ taking āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Be subject to
Incorrect: The project is subject to (get) approval.
Correct: The project is subject to getting approval.
Explanation: subject to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ getting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Dedicate oneself to
Incorrect: He dedicated himself to (improve) his skills.
Correct: He dedicated himself to improving his skills.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠dedicate oneself to â to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ improving āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Relate to
Incorrect: Many people can relate to (feel) anxious before exams.
Correct: Many people can relate to feeling anxious before exams.
Explanation: relate to-āϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ feeling āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Surrender to
Incorrect: He surrendered to (live) a simple life.
Correct: He surrendered to living a simple life.
Explanation: surrender to-āϤ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ living āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Final Reminder:
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύā§Â phrase âtoâ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻļā§āώ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ âtoâ preposition āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â V1 + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ:  He is used to wake up early.
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ:  He is used to waking up early.
Rule 4:Â
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ word āĻāĻā§ āϝāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠vš+ing āĻŦāĻž Gerund āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ Verb + Ing (Gerund) āĻāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻā§āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§ Verbš + Ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž Phrase/Expression āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšāϞā§, āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ Phrase āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Verb1+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ : Verb+ing+extension.
Example:
Incorrect: Do you mind (to close) the door?
Correct: Do you mind closing the door?
Explanation: mind āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ to close āĻā§āϞ, closing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: Would you mind (to help) me with this work?
Correct: Would you mind helping me with this work?
Explanation: would you mind āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠ing form āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ to help āĻā§āϞ, helping āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: This book is worth (to read).
Correct: This book is worth reading.
Explanation: worth āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠infinitive (to + verb) āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻž; verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ reading āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: I canât help (to laugh) at his joke.
Correct: I canât help laughing at his joke.
Explanation: canât help āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧠āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻž; āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ laughing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: She couldnât help (to cry) after hearing the news.
Correct: She couldnât help crying after hearing the news.
Explanation: couldnât helpâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠ing form āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ crying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: He succeeded by (to work) hard.
Correct: He succeeded by working hard.
Explanation: by āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ working āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: He left without (to say) goodbye.
Correct: He left without saying goodbye.
Explanation: without āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ to say āĻā§āϞ, saying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: I look forward to (meet) you.
Correct: I look forward to meeting you.
Explanation: look forward toâāĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ meeting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: She is used to (wake) up early.
Correct: She is used to waking up early.
Explanation: be used to āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻ āĻā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž; āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ waking āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He is getting used to (drive) in the city.
Correct: He is getting used to driving in the city.
Explanation: get used toâāĻāϰ to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ verb+ing āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ driving āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: She is committed to (help) the poor.
Correct: She is committed to helping the poor.
Explanation: committed toâāĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ helping āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He is devoted to (teach) children.
Correct: He is devoted to teaching children.
Explanation: devoted to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ ing form āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ teaching āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: They are dedicated to (protect) the environment.
Correct: They are dedicated to protecting the environment.
Explanation: dedicated toâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ protecting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: Many people are opposed to (cut) down trees.
Correct: Many people are opposed to cutting down trees.
Explanation: opposed toâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠ing form āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ cutting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: She is accustomed to (work) late at night.
Correct: She is accustomed to working late at night.
Explanation: accustomed toâāĻāϰ to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ working āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: He objected to (pay) extra fees.
Correct: He objected to paying extra fees.
Explanation: object toâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb+ing āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ paying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: They adjusted to (live) in a new country.
Correct: They adjusted to living in a new country.
Explanation: adjust toâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠ing form āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ living āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: He reacted to (be) called lazy.
Correct: He reacted to being called lazy.
Explanation: react toâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ being āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: She is open to (try) new ideas.
Correct: She is open to trying new ideas.
Explanation: open toâāĻāϰ to preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ trying āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He confessed to (steal) the money.
Correct: He confessed to stealing the money.
Explanation: confess toâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠ing form āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ stealing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: Too much stress can lead to (feel) overwhelmed.
Correct: Too much stress can lead to feeling overwhelmed.
Explanation: lead toâāĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ feeling āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Regular exercise contributes to (stay) healthy.
Correct: Regular exercise contributes to staying healthy.
Explanation: contribute toâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ staying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: They resorted to (cheat) to pass the exam.
Correct: They resorted to cheating to pass the exam.
Explanation: resort toâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠ing form āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ cheating āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: The discussion is limited to (talk) about politics.
Correct: The discussion is limited to talking about politics.
Explanation: limited toâāĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāĻ talking āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
āĻŦāϞā§āύ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύ?
 Rule 5:
Modal= verbš+extension/Modal+be= verbÂŗ+extension.
Modal auxiliary verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Verbš āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻ°Â Modal auxiliary verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠be āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verbÂŗ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύāĻ  Modal= verbš+extension./Modal+ be= verbÂŗ+extension.
- Can â āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻž
- Could â āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ / āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§
- May â āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠/ āĻ āύā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
- Might â āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§
- Shall â āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ / āĻšāĻŦā§
- Should â āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ
- Will â āĻšāĻŦā§ / āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ
- Would â āĻāϰāϤ / āĻāϰāϤ⧠/ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ
- Must â āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ / āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§āϤāĻž
- Ought to â āĻāϰā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ / āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ
- Need â āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ / āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰ
- Dare â āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ āĻāϰāĻž
- Used to â āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŋāϞ
- Have to â āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻž / āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ
- Has to â āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻž / āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ
- Had to â āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ / āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ
-  be going to āĻāϰāĻŦā§
- am/is/are/was/were+ to āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§/āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ
Example:
Incorrect: She can (completed) the project.
Correct: She can complete the project.
Explanation : can āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ modal verb; modal verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ verbš (base form) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ completed āĻā§āϞ, complete āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: He could (repaired) the bicycle.
Correct: He could repair the bicycle.
Explanation : could āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ repaired āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: She may (baked) a cake.
Correct: She may bake a cake.
Explanation : may āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ baked āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: A cake may be (bake) by her.
Correct: A cake may be baked by her.
Explanation: may + be â āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ verbÂŗ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ baked āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: They might (organized) an event.
Correct: They might organize an event.
Explanation: might āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ organized āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: An event might be (organize) by them.
Correct: An event might be organized by them.
Explanation: might + be â āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ verbÂŗ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ organized āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: I shall (submitted) the report.
Correct: I shall submit the report.
Explanation : shall āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ submitted āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: The report shall be (submit) by me.
Correct: The report shall be submitted by me.
Explanation : shall + be â verbÂŗ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ submitted āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: You should (followed) the instructions.
Correct: You should follow the instructions.
Explanation: should āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§; āϤāĻžāĻ followed āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: They will (decorated) the hall.
Correct: They will decorate the hall.
Explanation: will āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ decorated āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: The hall will be (decorate) by them.
Correct: The hall will be decorated by them.
Explanation: will + be + verbÂŗ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ decorated āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: She would (designed) a new dress.
Correct: She would design a new dress.
Explanation: would āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ designed āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: A new dress would be (design) by her.
Correct: A new dress would be designed by her.
Explanation: would + be + verbÂŗ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤
________________________________________
Incorrect: You must (finished) the assignment.
Correct: You must finish the assignment.
Explanation: must āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ finished āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: The assignment must be (finish) by you.
Correct: The assignment must be finished by you.
Explanation: must + be + verbÂŗ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ finished āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: We ought to (helped) our teachers.
Correct: We ought to help our teachers.
Explanation : ought to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ helped āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: Our teachers ought to be (help) by us.
Correct: Our teachers ought to be helped by us.
Explanation : ought to + be + verbÂŗ â helped āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: She needs to (cleaned) the kitchen.
Correct: She needs to clean the kitchen.
Explanation : needs to + verbš āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ cleaned āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: He dares not (to touched) the snake.
Correct: He dares not touch the snake.
Explanation : dare not āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verbš āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ to touched āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: The snake dares not to be (touch) by him.
Correct: The snake dares not to be touched by him.
Explanation : to be + verbÂŗ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ touched āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: She used to (sang) classical songs.
Correct: She used to sing classical songs.
Explanation : used to + verbš āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ sang āĻā§āϞ, sing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: He has to (completed) his studies.
Correct: He has to complete his studies.
Explanation : has to + verbš āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ completed āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
________________________________________
Incorrect: His studies have to be (complete) by him.
Correct: His studies have to be completed by him.
Explanation (Bangla): have/has to + be + verbÂŗ â āϤāĻžāĻ completed āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
________________________________________
Incorrect: She has to (attended) the meeting.
Correct: She has to attend the meeting.
Explanation (Bangla): has to + verbš āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ attended āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
________________________________________
Incorrect: The meeting has to be (attend) by her.
Correct: The meeting has to be attended by her.
Explanation (Bangla): has to + be + verbÂŗ â āϤāĻžāĻ attended āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
________________________________________
Incorrect: They had to (accepted) the terms.
Correct: They had to accept the terms.
Explanation (Bangla): had to + verbš āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ accepted āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
________________________________________
Incorrect: The terms had to be (accept) by them.
Correct: The terms had to be accepted by them.
Explanation: had to + be + verbÂŗ â accepted āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Rule 6: Zero ConditionalÂ
Zero Conditional āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύā§Â āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻāύā§āύ āϏāϤā§āϝ, āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ, āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻāϤ āĻāĻāύāĻžÂ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž:
- Zero conditional-āĻ Present Simple Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻž āϤāĻĨā§āĻ¯Â āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āϏāϤā§āĻ¯Â āĻŦāĻžÂ āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻāϤ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽÂ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ (real situations) āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Zero Conditional-āĻāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ:
-  āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻāύā§āύ āϏāϤā§āϝ āĻ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
-  āĻĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻ Present Simple Tense āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
-  āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
-  If āĻāĻŦāĻ When āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ (āϝāĻāύ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻāύā§āύ āĻšā§)āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύāĻ If + Present Simple/Indefinite , Present Simple/Indefinite.
āĻāĻ āύāĻ If+ subj āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ +vš āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ +obj = subj āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ +vš āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ +obj.
Example:
Incorrect: If you mix red and yellow, it (gets) orange.
Correct: If you mix red and yellow, it gets orange.
Explanation :
- Zero conditional āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏāϤā§āϝ, āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϏāϤā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- Zero conditional-āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻ Present Simple tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§âif-clause āĻāĻŦāĻ main clause āĻĻā§āĻā§āϤā§āĻāĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠subject itâāϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύāĨ¤ Present Simple-āĻ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ third person subject āĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠âs / âes āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ get āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϞ āĻšāĻŦā§; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ getsāĨ¤
- āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϏāϤā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ â āϞāĻžāϞ āĻāϰ āĻšāϞā§āĻĻ āĻŽā§āĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāϞāĻž āĻšā§âāϤāĻžāĻ gets āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: If water (reach) 100°C, it (boil).
Correct: If water reaches 100°C, it boils.
Explanation :
- Zero conditional āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ: āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ clause-āĻ Present Simple āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- water āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧠āĻ āĻāĻŖāύā§ā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšā§âāϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠âs āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ reach āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϞ; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ reachesāĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ result clause-āĻ boil base form āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻž; subject it āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ â boils āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ°āϏ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻĢā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ ā§âāϤāĻžāĻ Present Simple + verb-s/es āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: If you touch fire, it (burn) you.
Correct: If you touch fire, it burns you.
Explanation :
- Zero conditional āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āϏāϤā§āϝ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠condition āĻ result āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻ Present Simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠result clause-āĻāϰ subject āĻšāϞ⧠itâāĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āĻā§āϞ: burn
- āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ: burns
- āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: Present Simple tense + third person singular subject â verb + s/esāĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ âāĻāĻā§āύ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§ā§āĻžā§ââāĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻāύāϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤ āϏāϤā§āϝ⧠burns āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: If the sun (set), it (become) dark.
Correct: If the sun sets, it becomes dark.
Explanation :
- Zero conditional āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§: If + Present Simple, Present SimpleāĨ¤
- âthe sunâ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ âs āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ â setsāĨ¤
- result clause-āĻāϰ subject âitââāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ becomes āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
- set āĻŦāĻž become base form āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ Zero conditional-āĻ third person singular subject āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž verb + s/es āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
- āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϰā§āϝ āĻ āϏā§āϤ āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻ āύā§āϧāĻāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ â āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāϤā§āϝāĨ¤
Incorrect: If you press the switch, the light (turn) on.
Correct: If you press the switch, the light turns on.
Explanation :
- Zero conditional āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ, āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§âāϝā§āĻŽāύ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖāĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠result clause-āĻāϰ subject the lightâāĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ âs āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ â turnsāĨ¤
- turn base form āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ Present Simple + singular subject āĻšāϞ⧠verb + s/es āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝāĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ âāϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϏā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒāϞ⧠āĻāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻ ā§ââāĻāĻ fixed truth āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠turns āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Rule 7:
First Conditional (Present Conditional)Â
First Conditional āĻŦāĻžÂ Present Conditional āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻļāϰā§āĻ¤Â āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻ°Â āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛Â āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϤāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
 āĻāĻ āύ: If + Present Indefinite =Future Indefinite.
āĻŦāĻžāĻIf + subj+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verbš+obj = Subj+ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ will+ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verbš+obj.
- If-clause (āĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ) â Present Simple Tense
- Main clause (āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ) â will + Verbš
Usage (āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ):
1. āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ:
āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ, āϝāĻž āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
If you donât hurry, you will miss the bus.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤)
2. āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§:
āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŦā§, āϤāĻāύ First Conditional āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect: If you donât hurry, you (misses) the bus.
Correct: If you donât hurry, you will miss the bus.
Explanation :
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠if-clause: you donât hurry â Present IndefiniteāĨ¤
- āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§:
- âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ Present Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Future Indefinite āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â
- āϤāĻžāĻ principal clause āĻšāĻŦā§ will + base verb â will missāĨ¤
- future marker willâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύā§āĻ verb-āĻ s/es āϞāĻžāĻāĻžāύ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Incorrect: If you water the plants, they (grows) faster.
Correct: If you water the plants, they will grow faster.
Explanation:
- If-clause: you water the plants â Present IndefiniteāĨ¤
- āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§:
- âif āϝā§āĻā§āϤ clause āϝāĻĻāĻŋ present Indefinite tense āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠principal clause future indefinite tense āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤â
- āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ principal clause-āĻ will + base verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- grows āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ Present Simple-āĻāϰ 3rd person singular form āĻāĻŦāĻ will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύā§āĻ s/es āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
- will grow āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ modal/future auxiliary willâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠base form-āĻ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: If you feel sick, you (sees) a doctor.
Correct: If you feel sick, you should see a doctor.
Explanation :
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠if-clause: you feel sick â Present IndefiniteāĨ¤
- āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ:
- âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ Present Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Future Indefinite āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â
- āϤāĻŦā§ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§:
- main clause-āĻ āĻļā§āϧ⧠will āύāϝāĻŧ, modal verbs (should, can, may)-āĻ āĻāϏāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
- modal verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻļā§āϧā§āĻ base verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- sees āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ modal verb shouldâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠base form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ should see āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: If you finish your homework, you can (plays) outside.
Correct: If you finish your homework, you can play outside.
Explanation :
- If-clause: you finish your homework â Present IndefiniteāĨ¤
- āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§:
- âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ Present Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Future Indefinite āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻļā§āϧā§āĻ will āύāĻž, modal verb-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤
- plays āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ canâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ can play āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Alternative Forms (āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒ āϰā§āĻĒ):
-  If + Present Simple,=Sub+ may/might/can/should/must + Verbš
-  If it rains, we might stay at home. (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦāĨ¤)
-  If you want to pass, you must study harder. (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤)
Common Mistakes (āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻā§āϞ):
- Incorrect: If you will study, you will pass the exam.
- correct: If you study, you will pass the exam.Â
- Note: If-clause āĻāĻāύā§āĻ will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Key Points to Remember (āĻŽā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĒāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āĻ):
- First Conditional āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- If-clause āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Present Simple āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
- Main clause āĻ will/can/may/should āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
Quick Summary Table (āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϞ)
| Structure | Example | Meaning (āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ) |
|---|---|---|
| If + Present Simple,= will + Verbš | If you work hard, you will succeed. | āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ ā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ |
| If + Present Simple, can/might/must + Base Verb | If you eat too much, you might feel sick. | āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧠āĻ āϏā§āϏā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤ |
| If + Present Simple, should + Base Verb | If you are tired, you should rest. | āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻā§āϞāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻšāĻ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ |
Example:
 If it rain, we stay at home. (rains, will stay)
If it rains, we will stay at home.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤) If she not finish her work, she be late. (does not finish, will be)
If she does not finish her work, she will be late.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āώ āύāĻž āĻāϰā§, āϏ⧠āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āĨ¤) If they leave now, they reach on time. (leave, will reach)
 If they leave now, they will reach on time.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĨ¤) If you not take an umbrella, you get wet. (do not take, will get)
 If you do not take an umbrella, you will get wet.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϤāĻž āύāĻž āύāĻžāĻ, āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤) If we miss the bus, we walk home. (miss, will walk)
 If we miss the bus, we will walk home.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻāϰāĻŋ, āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§āĨ¤)
Table of Contents
Rule 8:Past/Second Conditional:
āĻāĻ āύ :If+Past Indefinite=Past Conditional
āĻŦāĻžāĻ If āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + Sub+verb²+obj,= Subj+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ Would/Could/Might+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰverbš āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ+obj.
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž:
If-Clause (First Part): āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠past Indefinite tense / If āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + Sub+verb²+obj, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Main Clause (Second Part): āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠Subj+ would + verbš +Obj āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤Â Past Indefinite āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϏāϞ⧠āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Example:
incorrect:Â If he bought a little more time, he would completes the task easily.
correct:Â If he bought a little more time, he would complete the task easily.
Explanation: âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ past conditional āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If they saved enough money, they buys a new computer.
correct: If they saved enough money, they could buy a new computer.
explanation: âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ past conditional āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If she knew the answer, she tells you.
correct: If she knew the answer, she might tell you.
explanation:âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ past conditional āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If I had enough courage, I starts my own business.
correct: If I had enough courage, I would start my own business.
explanation: âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ past conditional āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If the weather improved, we goes for a long walk.
correct: If the weather improved, we could go for a long walk.
explanation: âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ past conditional āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If I had a car, I would drives to my office.
correct: If I had a car, I would drive to my office.
explanation:âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ past conditional āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If I were you, I would accepts the proposal.
correct: If I were you, I would accept the proposal.
explanation: âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ past conditional āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If we had more savings, we would travelled around the globe.
correct: If we had more savings, we would travel around the globe.
explanation: âāĻļāϰā§āϤāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞā§, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ past conditional āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤â past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻļ:
1. âWereâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ (āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ)
âWasâ āĻāϰ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻžā§ âWereâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āϝāĻāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āύā§, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ (unreal) āĻā§āύ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§âāĻāĻŽāύāĻāĻŋ subject āϝāĻĻāĻŋ I, he, she āĻŦāĻž it-āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
âIf I were a bird, IÂ fly in the sky.
ÃIf I was a bird, I would fly in the sky. (āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖāĻāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϞ)
â āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠hypothetical (āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ) āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§Â âwereâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
2. âCouldâ āĻŦāĻž âMightâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
 âWouldâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠âCouldâ āĻŦāĻž âMightâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
 āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â âcouldâ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžÂ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻ°Â âmightâ āĻ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāϝāĻŧāϤāĻžÂ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āϝāĻž āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āϏāϤā§āϝ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āύā§āĻāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύāĻ If+ Past Indefinite=Past Conditional.
āĻāĻ āύāĻ If +Subj āϤāĻžāĻ°Â āĻĒāϰ⧠+ v² āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠+obj = Subj āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠+would/could/might/should āϤāĻžāĻ°Â āĻĒāϰā§+ vš āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠+obj .
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 If I be a king, I help the poor. (were, would help)=If I were a king, I would help the poor.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)
 If she have a car, she go to college easily. (had, would go)= If she had a car, she would go to college easily.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤā§, āϏ⧠āϏāĻšāĻā§ āĻāϞā§āĻā§ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āĨ¤)
āύā§āĻ:
- âBeâ āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§Â I, he, she, it āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ âwereâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύ: If I were a bird, If he were rich, etc. - āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§ āύāĻž, āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
Example:
 If I be a bird, I fly in the sky. (were, would fly)= If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
Bangla Meaning:
 āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĨ¤
More Examples:
 If she have more time, she travel the world. (had, would travel)= If she had more time, she would travel the world.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤā§, āϏ⧠āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤā§āĨ¤) If they win the lottery, they buy a big house. (won, would buy)= If they won the lottery, they would buy a big house.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϞāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϤāϤā§, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύāϤā§āĨ¤) If we go to Mars, we see amazing landscapes. (went, would see)= If we went to Mars, we would see amazing landscapes.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŽāĻā§āĻāϞ āĻā§āϰāĻšā§ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤) If you study harder, you pass the exam easily. (studied, would pass)= If you studied harder, you would pass the exam easily.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤā§, āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻšāĻā§āĻ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻāϰāϤā§āĨ¤) If he be taller, he play basketball. (were, would play)= If he were taller, he would play basketball.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧠āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻšāϤā§, āϏ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻā§āĻāĻŦāϞ āĻā§āϞāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§āĨ¤)
 Rule 9: Perfect Conditional (Third Conditional)Â
Definition: Perfect Conditional (Third Conditional) āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻŽāϰāĻžÂ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻā§āĻ¨Â āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°Â āĻāϰāĻŋ?
-  āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋāĨ¤
-  āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻĢāϏā§āϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻļā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
-  āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ, âāĻāĻāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻž āĻšāϤā§ââāĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻšā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ : If+ Past Perfect=Perfect Conditional āĻŦāĻžāĻ If āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + Past Perfect= Subj+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ Would/Could/Might+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ have+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°Â Past Participle/verbÂŗ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ+obj.
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 Incorrect: If he leave earlier, he catch the train.
 Correct: If he had left earlier, he would have caught the train.
Explanation:
āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ/āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§âāϏ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāϤā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϰā§āύ āϧāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ Third ConditionalāĨ¤ Third Conditional-āĻ if-clause-āĻ had + past participle (Vâ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āϞ āĻāϰ⧠leave (Vâ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ Principal clause-āĻ would have + Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ catch (Vâ) āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻ had left āĻāĻŦāĻ would have caught āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Incorrect: If they prepare well, they win the match.
Correct: If they had prepared well, they would have won the match.
 Explanation:
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§âāϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋāϤāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻšā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ Third ConditionalāĨ¤ āĻā§āϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ Vâ (prepare, win) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϏāϤā§āϝ/āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ had + Vâ (had prepared) āĻāĻŦāĻ would have + Vâ (would have won) āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāϰā§āϤāĨ¤
 Incorrect: If you listen to me, you not make that mistake.
 Correct: If you had listened to me, you would not have made that mistake.
 Explanation:
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻāĻā§āύāĻŋâāϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻļā§āύāϤā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϞāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ Third ConditionalāĨ¤ āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠listen āĻ make Vâ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύā§āĨ¤ Third Conditional-āĻ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāϞ had listened āĻāĻŦāĻ would not have made (would have + Vâ)āĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻā§āϞāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
 Incorrect: If she invite me, I go to the party.
 Correct: If she had invited me, I would have gone to the party.
Explanation:
āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§âāϏ⧠āĻāĻŽāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāĻžāύāĻžā§āύāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāϰā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠present form (invite, go) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻž conditional type-3-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āύ āĻšāϞâif-clause-āĻ had invited, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ would have goneāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
 Incorrect: If we leave on time, we reach there earlier.
 Correct: If we had left on time, we would have reached there earlier.
Explanation:
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦāϞā§âāĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāĻāύāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠simple present (leave, reach) āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻž type-1 conditional-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻšāϞā§āĻ type-3-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ had left (had + Vâ) āĻāĻŦāĻ principal clause-āĻ would have reached (would have + Vâ)āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻļāϰā§āϤāĨ¤
 Rule 10: Â
âSo thatâ & âIn order thatâ āϝāĻžāϤā§/ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ
āĻāĻ āύāĻ Main clause + so that + subject +(can/could/may/might + verbš+obj.
âSo thatâ āĻ âIn order thatâ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻ āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ modal verb (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: He speaks clearly so that his students (grasp) the lesson.
correct: He speaks clearly so that his students can grasp the lesson.
explanation: âso thatââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â modal verb + Vâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âgraspâ āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ modal verb āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰ, āϤāĻžāĻ âcan graspâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: She woke up early so that she (reach) the station in time.
correct: She woke up early so that she could reach the station in time.
explanation: āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠âcould + Vââ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âreachâ āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§Â could āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: We save money so that we (buy) a new computer.
correct: We save money so that we may buy a new computer.
explanation: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â may + Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âmay buyâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒāĨ¤
incorrect: I will repeat the instruction in order that you (follow) it properly.
correct: I will repeat the instruction in order that you may follow it properly.
explanation: âin order thatâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļā§ modal + Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ âfollowâ āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§Â may āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He practices regularly in order that he (improve) his performance.
correct: He practices regularly in order that he can improve his performance.
explanation: āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻāύā§āύāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â can + Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âcan improveââāĻ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Key Points (āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ):
- âSo thatâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âIn order thatâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Modal Verb (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Modal Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ verb-āĻāϰ base form (āĻŽā§āϞ āϰā§āĻĒ) āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- âSo thatâ āĻĻā§āύāύā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāύ⧠āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, âIn order thatâ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻāĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύ:
- So that âSubj+ Can, Could, May, Might + Base form/verbš+ex
- In order that â Subj+ Can, Could, May, Might + Base form/verbš+ex
 Rule 11: âSoâĻthatâ
Definition: âSoâĻthatâ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ correlative conjunction, āϝāĻžÂ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ (cause and effect) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύāĻ Subject āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + verb + so + adjective āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + that + subj+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ can/could+(not)+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verbš+objâĻâĻâĻâĻâĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ Not āĻŦāϏāϤ⧠āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤Â
-  Example: The tea was so hot that I  drink it.= couldnât drink (āĻāĻž āĻāϤ āĻāϰāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤)
-  Example: He ran so fast that he won the race.  (āϏ⧠āĻāϤ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āĻĻā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŋāϤāϞāĨ¤)
-  Example: She has so many friends that she never feels lonely. (āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϤ āĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻā§ āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤)
-  Example: The math problem was so difficult that I had to ask my teacher for help. (āĻāĻŖāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž āĻāϤ āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
-  Example: She spoke so clearly that everyone understand her.= could understand  (āϏ⧠āĻāϤ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧠āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
incorrect: The soup was so spicy that IÂ (eat)Â it.
correct: The soup was so spicy that I couldnât eat it.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âsoâĻthatâ āĻāĻ āύ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§Â can/could not + Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ âeatâ āĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤā§Â couldnât eat āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He ran so quickly that he (wins) the competition.
correct: He ran so quickly that he won the competition.
explanation: âsoâĻthatâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§Â sequence of tense āĻŽāĻžāύāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āϞ verb past āĻšāϞ⧠āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āĻ past āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âwinsâ āĻā§āϞ āĻšā§ā§ âwonâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She owns so many books that she (forget) their names.
correct: She owns so many books that she forgets their names.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻ
āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻāϤ, āϤāĻžāĻ âso many + noun + thatâ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠clause-āĻ present simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ âforgetâ āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ habit āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â forgets āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The task was so tough that IÂ (to ask)Â for support.
correct: The task was so tough that I had to ask for support.
explanation: âsoâĻthatâ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§Â had to + Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻļā§āϧ⧠âto askâ āĻāĻ āύāĻāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: She spoke so softly that the kids (understand) her.
correct: She spoke so softly that the kids could understand her.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļā§Â could + Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ âsoâĻthatâ āĻāĻ āύ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž (ability) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âunderstandâ āĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻ
āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Rule 12: Sequence of Tense
Definition: âSequence of Tenseâ (āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϞāĻā§āϰāĻŽ) āĻšāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ (Main Clause) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϧā§āύ (Subordinate Clause) āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻāϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝ āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž (verb) āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āϏāĻšāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ:
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ (verb) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻ
āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻ (verb) āϏā§āĻ Tense-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝ āϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
 Rule 1: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ (Main Clause) Present āĻŦāĻž Future Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āϝā§āĻā§āύ⧠Tense āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
Structure:Â Main Clause (Present/Future) + Subordinate Clause (Any Tense)
 Examples:
-  He says that he is happy. (āϏ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤) (Present)
-  She will tell us what she wants. (āϏ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϞāĻŦā§ āϏ⧠āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)(Present)
-  He believes that they will win the match. (āϏ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰ⧠āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋāϤāĻŦā§āĨ¤)(Future)
-  She knows that he lived in Dhaka before. (āϏ⧠āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āĻāĻā§ āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤāĨ¤)(Past)
 Explanation:āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ Present āĻŦāĻž Future Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§, āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āύ⧠Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝ āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āϰāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Rule 2: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ (Main Clause) Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Past Tense āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Structure:Â Main Clause (Past) + Subordinate Clause (Past)
 Examples:
- He said that he was happy. (āϏ⧠āĻŦāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
- She told me that she wanted a new phone. (āϏ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāϞāϞ āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāϤā§āύ āĻĢā§āύ āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
- They thought that the train would arrive late. (āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āύ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤)
- She realized that she had made a mistake. (āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϞ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
 Explanation:
- āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§, āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ Past Tense āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻŦā§ Past Perfect Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Rule 3: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠Past Perfect Tense āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Structure:Main Clause (Past) + Subordinate Clause (Past Perfect)
Examples:
- He said that he had finished his homework. (āϏ⧠āĻŦāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
- She realized that she had lost her keys. (āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ āϝ⧠āϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤)
- They knew that the train had already left. (āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāύāϤ āϝ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤)
 Rule 4: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠Universal Truth āĻŦāĻž Scientific Fact āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â Subordinate Clause-āĻ Present Tense āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Structure:Main Clause (Past) + Subordinate Clause (Present â Universal Truth)
 Examples:
- The teacher mentioned that the sun comes up in the east.
(āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāϞā§āύ āϝ⧠āϏā§āϰā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĨ¤) -  He told us that water boils at 100°C. (āϏ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϞāϞ āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ°āϏā§-āϤ⧠āĻĢā§āĻā§āĨ¤)
- She mentioned that the earth moves around the sun. (āϏ⧠āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāϞ āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āϏā§āϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āĨ¤)
-  Our professor explained that ice melts at 0°C. (āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āϝ⧠āĻŦāϰāĻĢ ā§Ļ°āϏā§-āϤ⧠āĻāϞā§āĨ¤)
 Explanation:
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāĻāύā§āύ āϏāϤā§āϝ (Universal Truth) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ (Scientific Fact) āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ, āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ Present Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤)
 Conclusion (āĻāĻĒāϏāĻāĻšāĻžāϰ):
âSequence of Tenseâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§ āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āĻ°Â āϏāĻŽā§āĻāϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝ (time consistency) āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻ āϏā§āĻ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻš āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Rule 13:
Wish/fancy āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύāĻ 1. Wish = Subject+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb²/Would āĻŦāĻž Could+verb1+Object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: I wish I (have) a small cottage near the river.
correct: I wish I had a small cottage near the river.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠*past form (had) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Present form âhaveâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧠Wish = Subject + verb² + object.
incorrect: She wishes she (is) a bit more confident in public.
correct: She wishes she were a bit more confident in public.
explanation: wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž unreal present āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āĻāĻŽāύāĻāĻŋ singular subject āĻšāϞā§āĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âisâ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: We wish today (is) a festival day.
correct: We wish today were a festival day.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻā§āϏāĻŦā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āύāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ present situationāĨ¤ āĻāĻāύā§āϝ wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ **past form (were)** āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§, âisâ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: He wishes he (has) enough money to buy that laptop.
correct: He wishes he had enough money to buy that laptop.
explanation: wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āĻ¯Â past form had āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ âhasâ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: They wish their village (is) quieter at night.
correct: They wish their village were quieter at night.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦā§ āĻļāĻžāύā§āϤ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠**were** āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§, âisâ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
 Rule 14:
It is time to/It is timeÂ
āĻāĻ āύāĻ 1: It is time + (for + noun/pronoun) + to + verbš
Usage: āĻāĻ āĻāĻ āύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Formula:  It is time + (for + noun/pronoun) + to + verbš
Examples with Incorrect Verbs:
incorrect: It is time for you to went to class. (went)
correct: It is time for you to go to class.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âtoâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ infinitive marker, āĻāϰ to-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ verb-āĻāϰ base form (Vš) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âwentâ āĻā§āϞ, âgoâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: It is time for us to eats our meal. (eats)
correct: It is time for us to eat our meal.
explanation: âtoâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Vš āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ âeatsâ āĻšāϞ⧠singular present form, āϝāĻž infinitive-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
incorrect: It is time for the baby to sleeps now. (sleeps)
correct: It is time for the baby to sleep now.
explanation: Infinitive structure (to + Vš) āĻ āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠âsleepâ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âsleepsâ āĻā§āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύāĻ 2: It is time + subject +āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°Â Â verb²+obj
Usage:
āĻāĻ āĻāĻ āύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϝ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āĻā§āϰāĻ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻŋ past simple tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Formula:
 It is time + subject + āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb²+obj
Examples with Incorrect Verbs:
incorrect: It is time we (goes) home.
correct: It is time we went home.
explanation: âIt is time + subject + verb²â â āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âgoesâ āĻā§āϞ, âwentâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: It is time you (does) your homework.
correct: It is time you did your homework.
explanation: âIt is timeââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠subject āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past indefinite āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âdoesâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž, âdidâ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: It is time she (takes) a break.
correct: It is time she took a break.
explanation: âIt is time + subject + past formâ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ âtakesâ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠took āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ āĻāĻ āύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻļ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
 Rule 15:
Prepositions āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Verbš+ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
1. Prepositions of Place (āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ)
- In â āĻāĻŋāϤāϰā§, āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§
- On â āĻāĻĒāϰ⧠(āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ)
- At â āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§
- Under â āύāĻŋāĻā§
- Over â āĻāĻĒāϰ⧠(āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āύāϝāĻŧ)
- Above â āĻāĻĒāϰ⧠(āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§)
- Below â āύāĻŋāĻā§ (āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϤāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§)
- Between â āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§
- Among â āĻ āύā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§
- Behind â āĻĒāĻŋāĻāύā§
- In front of â āϏāĻžāĻŽāύā§
- Next to / Beside â āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§
2. Prepositions of Time (āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ)
- In â āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠(āĻŦāĻāϰ, āĻŽāĻžāϏ, āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§, āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ)
- Example: in 2024, in December, in the morning
- On â āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ
- Example: on Monday, on 15th August
- At â āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ
- Example: at 5 PM, at midnight
- By â āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§
- Example: by 10 AM (ā§§ā§ĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§)
- Before â āĻāĻā§
- After â āĻĒāϰā§
- Since â āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĨā§āĻā§ (Past Perfect Tense)
- For â āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻāĻžāϞ āϧāϰā§
3. Prepositions of Direction (āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ)
- To â āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ (āĻāύā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ) ( to āϝāĻĻāĻŋ preposition āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb1+ing āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠to āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Infinitive maker āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb1 āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤)
- Into â āĻāĻŋāϤāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž
- Out of â āĻāĻŋāϤāϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰā§
- Onto â āĻāĻĒāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
- Off â āύāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻž
- From â āĻĨā§āĻā§
- Toward â āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§
4. Prepositions of Manner (āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ)
- By â āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāϝā§āĻ)
- With â āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž (āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§)
- Like â āĻŽāϤā§
5. Prepositions of Cause, Reason, and Purpose (āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ)
- Because of â āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§
- Due to â āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§
- For â āĻāύā§āϝ
6. Prepositions of Comparison and Contrast (āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĒāϰā§āϤā§āϝ)
- Like â āĻŽāϤā§
- Unlike â āĻŽāϤ āύāϝāĻŧ
- As â āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§
7. Prepositions of Possession (āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ)
- Of â āĻāϰ
- With â āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§
- To â āĻāĻžāϰ
8. Prepositions of Agency (āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ)
- By â āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž
- With â āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž
9. Prepositions of Measurement, Rate, or Value (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ, āĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ)
- At â āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāϰā§
- By â āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāϤā§
10. Prepositions of Exception (āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ)
- Except â āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ
- Apart from â āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§
11. Compound Prepositions (āϝā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāϏāϰā§āĻ)
- According to â āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§
- Instead of â āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§
- Because of â āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§
- Due to â āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§
- In spite of â āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ
- On behalf of â āĻĒāĻā§āώ āĻĨā§āĻā§
- With regard to â āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§
12. Double Prepositions (āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāϏāϰā§āĻ)
- Out of â āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰā§
- Into â āĻāĻŋāϤāϰā§
- Onto â āĻāĻĒāϰā§
- From behind â āĻĒāĻŋāĻāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§
13. Phrasal Prepositions (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāϏāϰā§āĻ)
- In front of â āϏāĻžāĻŽāύā§
- In place of â āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§
- On top of â āĻāĻĒāϰā§
- With reference to â āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example:
She is interested in read novels.  Answer: (reading)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻĒāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āĨ¤They are good at play football. Answer: (playing)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĢā§āĻāĻŦāϞ āĻā§āϞāϤ⧠āĻĻāĻā§āώāĨ¤He apologized for be late. Answer: (being)
āϏ⧠āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤We are thinking about go on a trip. Answer: (going)
āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻāĻŋāĨ¤She is afraid of swim in deep water. Answer: (swimming)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤He is tired of work all day. Answer: (working)
āϏ⧠āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻžāύā§āϤāĨ¤They are interested in learn new languages. Answer: (learning)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāϤā§āύ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āĨ¤I am worried about lose my phone. Answer: (losing)
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĢā§āύ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĨ¤She is excited about travel to Europe. Answer: (traveling)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤He is capable of solve difficult problems. Answer: (solving)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤
She is fond of eat chocolates. Answer: (eating)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻāϞā§āĻ āĻā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤He is interested in watch movies. Answer: (watching)
āϏ⧠āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āĨ¤They are worried about fail the exam.Answer: (failing)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĢā§āϞ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĨ¤I am tired of wait for the bus. Answer: (waiting)
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻžāύā§āϤāĨ¤She is responsible for manage the event. Answer: (managing)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻā§āύā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦā§ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤He is afraid of speak in public.Answer: (speaking)
āϏ⧠āĻāύāϏāĻŽāĻā§āώ⧠āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤They are capable of do difficult tasks.Answer: (doing)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤I am interested in write stories. Answer: (writing)
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻĒ āϞāĻŋāĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āĨ¤She is excited about start a new job. Answer: (starting)
āϏ⧠āύāϤā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤He is famous for sing beautiful songs. Answer: (singing)
āϏ⧠āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ āĻāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤāĨ¤We are thinking about move to a new city.Answer: (moving)
āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āύāϤā§āύ āĻļāĻšāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻāĻŋāĨ¤She apologized for forget my birthday. Answer: (forgetting)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āĻŽāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻā§āϞ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤He is bad at draw pictures. Answer: (drawing)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤They are interested in explore new places. Answer: (exploring)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāϤā§āύ āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻāĻž āĻā§āϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āĨ¤I am scared of ride a bicycle. Answer: (riding)
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻāĻā§āϞ āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĨ¤
She is interested in dance at the party.Answer: (dancing)
āϏ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āύāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āĨ¤He is afraid of climb tall trees. Answer: (climbing)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ āϤ⧠āĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤They are tired of do the same work every day.Answer: (doing)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻžāύā§āϤāĨ¤I am worried about miss the train. Answer: (missing)
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āύ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĨ¤She is good at cook delicious food. Answer: (cooking)
āϏ⧠āϏā§āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĻāĻā§āώāĨ¤He is bad at solve math problems.Answer: (solving)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤We are excited about visit the amusement park. (visiting)
āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŽā§āύā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻā§ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤She apologized for break the vase. (breaking)
āϏ⧠āĻĢā§āϞāĻĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āϞāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤He is capable of run a business.Answer: (running)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤They are interested in paint landscapes. Answer: (painting)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āĨ¤I am scared of drive at night. Answer: (driving)
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĨ¤She is famous for act in movies. Answer: (acting)
āϏ⧠āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻŋāύāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤāĨ¤He is responsible for take care of his siblings.Answer: (taking care)
āϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āύāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻļā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦā§ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤They are thinking about change their jobs. Answer: (changing)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĨ¤She is fond of collect old coins. Answer: (collecting)
āϏ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āύ⧠āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĨ¤He is afraid of speak English in public. Answer: (speaking)
āϏ⧠āĻāύāϏāĻŽāĻā§āώ⧠āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤I am interested in learn new skills. Answer: (learning)
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āύāϤā§āύ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āĨ¤She is capable of handle difficult situations. Answer: (handling)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤We are worried about not find a good hotel. Answer: (not finding)
āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻšā§āĻā§āϞ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĨ¤They are tired of listen to the same song repeatedly. Answer: (listening)
āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻļā§āύāϤ⧠āĻļā§āύāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻžāύā§āϤāĨ¤He apologized for not reply to my message. Answer: (not replying)
āϏ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϏā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤She is excited about attend the wedding. Answer: (attending)
āϏ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āϤ⧠āϝā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤I am bad at remember peopleâs names.Answer: (remembering)
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻāĨ¤He is famous for write best-selling novels.Answer: (writing)
āϏ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻĒāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϞā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤāĨ¤We are thinking about start a new business. Answer: (starting)
āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāϤā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Rule 16:
Causative Verbs āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Structures
ā§§. āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ Causative Verbs
- Make (āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž)
- Have (āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻžāύā§)
- Get (āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāύā§)
- Let (āĻ āύā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž)
- Help (āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāϰāĻž)
⧍. Causative Verbs-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āύ.
(A) âMakeâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠(āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž)
Structure:  Subject + make + object āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋ =verbš/object āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠=verbÂŗ
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 The teacher made the students write an essay. (āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϰāĻāύāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāϰāϞā§āύāĨ¤)
 His parents made him clean his room. (āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āϤāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāϰāϞā§āύāĨ¤)
 His parents made his room cleaned by him . (āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āϤāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāϰāϞā§āύāĨ¤)
incorrect: The coach made the players (runs) five laps.
correct: The coach made the players run five laps.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠players āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ object, āϤāĻžāĻ âmade + object + verbšâ āĻāĻ āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ ârunsâ āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ causative make-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠base form āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The manager made the workers (finish) the task early.
correct: The manager made the workers finish the task early.
explanation: workers āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ living object, āϤāĻžāĻ âfinishâ base form āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ bracket verb āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āύ āĻā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: Her mother made her (cooks) dinner.
correct: Her mother made her cook dinner.
explanation: make + living object + verbš āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ âcookâ āĻšāĻŦā§, âcooksâ āĻā§āϞ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠base form āĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The instructor made the trainees (practice) longer hours.
correct: The instructor made the trainees practise longer hours.
explanation: trainees āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ object, āϤāĻžāĻ make-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤ âpractiseâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ base formāĨ¤
incorrect: The leader made them (carries) the boxes upstairs.
correct: The leader made them carry the boxes upstairs.
explanation: them āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ object āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ âcarryâ base form āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§; âcarriesâ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
________________________________________
incorrect: The storm made the windows (breaks) suddenly.
correct: The storm made the windows broken suddenly.
explanation: windows non-living object, āϤāĻžāĻ âmade + object + verbÂŗâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ âbreaksâ āĻā§āϞ, âbrokenâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: Heavy rain made the road (flood) quickly.
correct: Heavy rain made the road flooded quickly.
explanation: road āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ non-living āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verbÂŗ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ âfloodedâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ participleāĨ¤
incorrect: The wind made the door (opens) by itself.
correct: The wind made the door opened by itself.
explanation: door āĻ āĻā§āĻŦ object, āϤāĻžāĻ âopenedâ (verbÂŗ) āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ âopensâ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The heat made the metal (expand) excessively.
correct: The heat made the metal expanded excessively.
explanation: metal non-living, āϤāĻžāĻ causative make-āĻ verbÂŗ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤ âexpandedâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The snowfall made the path (covers) with ice.
correct: The snowfall made the path covered with ice.
explanation: path āĻ āĻā§āĻŦ object āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ here âcoveredâ (verbÂŗ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĨ¤ âcoversâ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
(B) âHaveâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠(āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻžāύā§)
Structure:  Subject + have/has + object āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋ =verbš/object āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠=verbÂŗ
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
- incorrect: I had my car (fixes) by the mechanic.
- correct: I had my car fixed by the mechanic.
- explanation: âhave + object + past participle (VÂŗ)â â causative structure-āĻ object-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠VÂŗ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âfixesâ āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻā§āĻ (mechanic) āĻāϰāĻā§āĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§ fixed, āϝāĻž passive-āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ causative formāĨ¤
(C) âGetâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠(āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāύā§)
Structure: Subject + get/got + object āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋ = to+verbš/object āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠=verbÂŗ
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
incorrect: I had my car (fixes) by the mechanic.
correct: I had my car fixed by the mechanic.
explanation: âhave + object + past participle (VÂŗ)â â causative structure-āĻ object-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠VÂŗÂ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âfixesâ āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻā§āĻ (mechanic) āĻāϰāĻā§āĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§Â fixed, āϝāĻž passive-āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ causative formāĨ¤
(D) âLetâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠(āĻ āύā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž)
Structure:  Subject + let + object āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋ =verbš
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 My parents let me stay out late. (āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤)
 He let his son play video games. (āϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻŽ āĻā§āϞāϤ⧠āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
(E) âHelpâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠(āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāϰāĻž)
Structure:  Subject + help + object āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋ =verbš
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 She helped me complete the project. (āϏ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
 He helped his friend to move the furniture. (āϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāύā§āϧā§āĻā§ āĻĢāĻžāϰā§āύāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
 Rule 17:
No Sooner / Scarcely / Hardly â āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ
āĻāĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āύ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āĻŦ āϏā§āĻŦāϞā§āĻĒ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§Â Past Perfect Tense āĻāĻŦāĻ Past Indefinite Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
 No SoonerâĻThan (āϝā§āĻ āύāĻž âĻ āϤāĻāύāĻ/āϤ⧠âĻāύāĻž âĻâĻâĻāϤ⧠)
Structure:  No sooner had + subject + VÂŗÂ (past participle) + than + subject + V² (past simple)=32
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
incorrect: No sooner Sara (reached) the bus stop than the bus left.
correct: No sooner had Sara reached the bus stop than the bus left.
explanation: âNo soonerâ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϞā§Â inversion āĻšā§âāĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ auxiliary verb (had) subject-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âNo sooner Sara reachedâĻâ āĻā§āϞ; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠âNo sooner had I reachedâĻâ.
incorrect: No sooner she (finished) her lunch than the visitors arrived.
correct: No sooner had she finished her lunch than the visitors arrived.
explanation: âNo soonerâ āĻāϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ past perfect + inversion āĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âNo sooner she finishedâĻâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻž; âNo sooner had she finishedâĻâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
 ScarcelyâĻWhen (āϝā§āĻ āύāĻž âĻ āϤāĻāύāĻ/āϤ⧠âĻāύāĻž âĻâĻâĻāϤ⧠)
Structure: Scarcely had + subject + VÂŗÂ (past participle) + when + subject + V² (past simple)
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
incorrect: Scarcely had we (start) the exam when the bell rang.
correct: Scarcely had we started the exam when the bell rang.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â Scarcely + had + subject + VÂŗÂ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âstartâ āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ past participle âstartedâ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Scarcely had he (fall) asleep when someone knocked at the door.
correct: Scarcely had he fallen asleep when someone knocked at the door.
explanation: Scarcely-āϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â had + VÂŗÂ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âfallâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āύāϝāĻŧ, âfallenâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ verb-āĻāϰ past participleāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āϤā§āĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: Scarcely had the children (finish) their work when the lights went out.
correct: Scarcely had the children finished their work when the lights went out.
explanation: Scarcely āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āϤā§Â VÂŗÂ āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âfinishâ āĻā§āϞ, âfinishedâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§âāĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāϤā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§ā§ āĻāϞ⧠āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
 HardlyâĻWhen (āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻā§)
Structure: Hardly had + subject + VÂŗÂ (past participle) + when + subject + V² (past simple)
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
incorrect: Hardly had the movie (begin) when the power went off.
correct: Hardly had the movie begun when the power went off.
explanation: Hardly āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻâhad + VÂŗāĨ¤ âbeginâ āĻŽā§āϞ āϰā§āĻĒ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠past participle âbegunâ āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻāύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāϤā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Hardly had she (enter) the room when her phone rang.
correct: Hardly had she entered the room when her phone rang.
explanation: Hardly-āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻžÂ had + VÂŗÂ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ âenterâ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠past participle âenteredâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
 āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāĻŋāĻĒāϏ:
- No soonerâĻthan, ScarcelyâĻwhen, HardlyâĻwhen āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ Past Perfect āĻāĻŦāĻ Past Simple āĻā§āύā§āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
-  âNo soonerâ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ than, āĻāϰ âScarcelyâ āĻ âHardlyâ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ when āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
-  āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻ āĻāĻ āύāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§, subject āĻāĻŦāĻ auxiliary verb (had) āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻāϞā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžā§ (inversion)āĨ¤
Example:
- No sooner had I reach the station than the train leave. (reached, left)
- No sooner had she finish her meal than the guests arrive. (finished, arrived)
- Scarcely had we start the exam when the bell ring. (started, rang)
- Scarcely had he fall asleep when someone knock at the door. (fallen asleep, knocked)
- Hardly had the movie begin when the power go off. (begun, went off)
- Hardly had she enter the room when her phone ring. (entered, rang)
 Rule Reminder:
- Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ)Â is used in the first clause.
- Past Simple (V²) is used in the second clause.
 Rule 18:
âAs if / As thoughâ â āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ
âAs ifâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âAs thoughâ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Structure 1: Subject + verbš (present) + as if / as though + subject + verb² (past tense)
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 He speaks as if he knows everything. (Incorrect verb: knows)=  He speaks as if he knew everything. (knew)
She looks as though she is tired. (Incorrect verb: is)=She looks as though she were tired. (were)
 He acts as if he is a king. (Incorrect verb: is)
He acts as if he were a king. (were)
 She behaves as though she knows everything. (Incorrect verb: knows)
 She behaves as though she knew everything. (knew)
incorrect: He talks as if he (understands) every secret.
correct: He talks as if he understood every secret.
explanation: âAs if / As thoughâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â unreal āĻŦāĻžÂ imaginary āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠verb-āĻāĻ°Â past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âunderstandsâ āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§ âunderstoodâ, āϝāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She behaves as though she (is) a queen.
correct: She behaves as though she were a queen.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ as though + subject + past tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠formal English-āĻ singular subject āĻšāϞā§āĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âisâ āĻā§āϞ, âwereâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: He smiles as if he (knows) my plan.
correct: He smiles as if he knew my plan.
explanation: āϏ⧠āĻāϏāϞ⧠āϏāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻžâāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ as if-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāĻ°Â past form knew āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ, âknowsâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
incorrect: They walk as though they (are) very rich.
correct: They walk as though they were very rich.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϧāύ⧠āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āύā§āĻ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻ impressionāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§, âareâ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: She sings as if she (has) professional training.
correct: She sings as if she had professional training.
explanation: āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϏāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ āύā§āĻ; āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â past tense had āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âhasâ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
 Structure 2: Past Unreal / Imaginary Situations=  Subject + verb² (past) + as if / as though + subject + had + VÂŗ (past perfect)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞā§Â Past Perfect āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 He behaved as if he does not meet me before. (Incorrect verb: does not meet)
 He behaved as if he had not met me before. (had not met)
She talked as though she knows everything. (Incorrect verb: knows)
 She talked as though she had known everything. (had known)
incorrect: He acted as if he (doesnât recognize) me earlier.
correct: He acted as if he had not recognized me earlier.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âas if / as thoughâ-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â had + VÂŗÂ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âdoesnât recognizeâ āĻā§āϞ, âhad not recognizedâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āύāĻŋâāĻā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ
āϤā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She spoke as though she (knows) the secret long ago.
correct: She spoke as though she had known the secret long ago.
explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ âas thoughâ-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĨ¤ âknowsâ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύāĻāĻžāϞ, āϝāĻž āĻā§āϞ; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ âhad knownāĨ¤â
incorrect: They reacted as if they (do not see) that incident before.
correct: They reacted as if they had not seen that incident before.
explanation: âas ifâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ had + past participle āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ âdo not seeâ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āύāϝāĻŧ; âhad not seenâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He shouted as though he (knows) nothing about what happened.
correct: He shouted as though he had known nothing about what happened.
explanation: āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ âknowsâ (present) āĻā§āϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠Past Perfect âhad knownâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻžāĨ¤
incorrect: She reacted as if she (does not hear) my warning earlier.
correct: She reacted as if she had not heard my warning earlier.
explanation: āĻ
āϤā§āϤ⧠āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤā§Â had + VÂŗÂ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ present tense âdoes not hearâ āĻā§āϞ; âhad not heardâ āĻšāĻŦā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻĒāϏ:
- āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž â âas if / as thoughâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Past Simple āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ / āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž â âas if / as thoughâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Past Simple āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ / āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž â âas if / as thoughâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Rule 19:
 âWho / Whichâ â āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ .Who āĻāĻŦāĻ Which āĻŽā§āϞāĻ¤Â Relative Pronoun āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāĻ¤Â Relative Clause āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
 Structure 1: âWho / Whichâ as Subject
Who / Which + verb (agrees with the antecedent)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
- Who â āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- Which â āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āϝā§āĻšā§āϤ⧠âwho / whichâ subject-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠noun-āĻāϰ number āĻ tense āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ :
incorrect: The youngster who (play) outdoor games is my sibling.
correct: The youngster who plays outdoor games is my sibling.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠who subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠noun youngster singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ âs āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§ā§ plays āĻšāĻŦā§; play āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The kitten which (sleep) on the cushion belongs to me.
correct: The kitten which sleeps on the cushion belongs to me.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠which subject āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ antecedent kitten āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ singular form sleeps āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§; sleep āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
 Structure 2: âWho / Whichâ as Object
Who / Which + subject + verb
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
- āϝāĻāĻ¨Â who / which sentence-āĻāĻ°Â object āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠verb who / which āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
 āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ (Incorrect & Correct Form):
incorrect: The girl who you (says) is smart happens to be my cousin.
correct: The girl who you say is smart happens to be my cousin.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â who object āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ clause āĻāϏā§āĨ¤Â you subject āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ verb āĻšāĻŦā§Â sayāĨ¤Â says āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ singular subject-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The book which I (reads) every evening is truly fascinating.
correct: The book which I read every evening is truly fascinating.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â I subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāĻ°Â base form (read) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤Â reads singular subject-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
 Structure 3: âWho / Whichâ with Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs)
Who / Which + is/was/has/had + verb (past participle / VÂŗ)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§Â helping verb (is, was, has, had, etc.) āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠verb past participle (VÂŗ)/ vš+ing āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ (Incorrect & Correct Form):
incorrect: The instructor who is (teach) grammar is very strict.
correct: The instructor who is teaching grammar is very strict.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â is āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ helping verb, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāĻ°Â âing form āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ teach āĻā§āϞ, āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞā§Â teachingāĨ¤
incorrect: The device which has (break) suddenly is very costly.
correct: The device which has broken suddenly is very costly.
explanation: has āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Â past participle (VÂŗ) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ break āĻā§āϞ, broken āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The officer who (work) in this department is always punctual.
correct: The officer who works in this department is always punctual.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â who subject āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ subject singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb works āĻšāĻŦā§, work āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The learners who has (complete) their tasks will get extra marks.
correct: The learners who have completed their tasks will get extra marks.
explanation: learners plural, āϤāĻžāĻ helping verb have āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â completed (VÂŗ) āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The writer who (compose) short stories is very talented.
correct: The writer who composes short stories is very talented.
explanation: subject singular āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ verb-āĻ âs āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§; āϤāĻžāĻ compose āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The computer which (belong) to the office is brand new.
correct: The computer which belongs to the office is brand new.
explanation: which subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular subject āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§Â belongs āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The puppy which (chase) the bird is extremely energetic.
correct: The puppy which chases the bird is extremely energetic.
explanation: singular subject āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ verb-āĻ âs āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ chases āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The roses which is (bloom) in the yard are beautiful.
correct: The roses which are blooming in the yard are beautiful.
explanation: subject plural āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§Â are āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāĻ°Â âing form āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The boy who you (say) is honest has won a medal.
correct: The boy who you said is honest has won a medal.
explanation: who object āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ clause āĻāϏā§; tense āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§Â said āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The woman who they (know) very well is our principal.
correct: The woman who they knew very well is our principal.
explanation: āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ action āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â knew āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§; āϤāĻžāĻ know āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The inventor who people (admire) for his work was widely respected.
correct: The inventor who people admired for his work was widely respected.
explanation: āĻ
āϤā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â admired āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The laptop which I (buys) last year is still working fine.
correct: The laptop which I bought last year is still working fine.
explanation: I subject āĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past form bought āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ buys āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The novels which he (read) every month are very engaging.
correct: The novels which he reads every month are very engaging.
explanation: habitual action āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ present simple tenseâreads āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The cottage which they (build) near the river is quite spacious.
correct: The cottage which they built near the river is quite spacious.
explanation: āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§Â built āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύāĨ¤
incorrect: The mentor who is (explain) the topic is highly skilled.
correct: The mentor who is explaining the topic is highly skilled.
explanation: is helping verb, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāĻ°Â âing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The files which have (lose) were extremely essential.
correct: The files which have been lost were extremely essential.
explanation: perfect tense-āĻ passive āĻšāϞ⧠structure āĻšā§Â have been + VÂŗāĨ¤
incorrect: The child who was (cry) needed immediate care.
correct: The child who was crying needed immediate care.
explanation: was + âing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠past continuous āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ crying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 âWhoâ as Subject (Person as Antecedent)
incorrect: The man who (work) at the office is extremely regular.
correct: The man who works at the office is extremely regular.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠who subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ antecedent man āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ âs āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ works āĻšāĻŦā§; work āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The learners who (has completed) the task will receive bonus marks.
correct: The learners who have completed the task will receive bonus marks.
explanation: learners plural subject āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ helping verb have āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ perfect tense-āĻ completed (VÂŗ) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ has completed āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The girl who (write) verses is highly gifted.
correct: The girl who writes verses is highly gifted.
explanation: girl singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ present simple form writes āĻšāĻŦā§; write āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
 âWhich/Whoâ
incorrect: The vehicle which (belong) to my father is extremely costly.
correct: The vehicle which belongs to my father is extremely costly.
explanation: which āĻāĻā§āϰ nounâāĻā§ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ vehicle singular āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ verb-āĻ âs āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§ā§Â belongs āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The dog which (chase) the kitten is quite fierce.
correct: The dog which chases the kitten is quite fierce.
explanation: subject dog singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ present simple form chases āĻšāĻŦā§; chase āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The blossoms which (is blooming) in the yard look amazing.
correct: The blossoms which are blooming in the yard look amazing.
explanation: blossoms plural subject, āϤāĻžāĻ are + ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§; is blooming āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The boy who you (say) is bright has received an award.
correct: The boy who you said is bright has received an award.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â who object āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰ⧠clause past tenseâāϤāĻžāĻ said āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The lady who they (know) very well is our instructor.
correct: The lady who they knew very well is our instructor.
explanation: āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past form knew āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The researcher who people (admire) for his discoveries became famous worldwide.
correct: The researcher who people admired for his discoveries became famous worldwide.
explanation: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāĻā§āĻž past action āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāϤā§Â admired āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
incorrect: The smartphone which I (buys) last week is malfunctioning.
correct: The smartphone which I bought last week is malfunctioning.
explanation: I subject āĻšāϞ⧠past tense-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ form bought āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ buys āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: The novels which he (read) every evening are quite enjoyable.
correct: The novels which he reads every evening are quite enjoyable.
explanation: āĻ
āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻāϤ āĻāĻžāĻâpresent simple tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ reads āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The cottage which they (build) beside the river is very spacious.
correct: The cottage which they built beside the river is very spacious.
explanation: āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past form built āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
incorrect: The instructor who is (explain) the chapter is highly knowledgeable.
correct: The instructor who is explaining the chapter is highly knowledgeable.
explanation: is helping verb, āϤāĻžāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ verb-āĻāĻ°Â âing form āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§; explaining āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The papers which has (lost) were extremely valuable.
correct: The papers which have been lost were extremely valuable.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠passive perfect tenseâstructure have been + VÂŗ; āϤāĻžāĻ have been lost āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The child who was (cry) needed assistance.
correct: The child who was crying needed assistance.
explanation: past continuous tense āĻāĻ āύā§Â was + ing form āϞāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ crying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Quick Recap:
- Who â Used for people
- Which â Used for things/animals
- Subject verb agreement â Verb must match the number of the antecedent
- Helping verbs â Use correct tense and form (VÂŗ for perfect tenses)
 āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻĒāϏ:
- âWhoâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, âWhichâ āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤
- Who / Which subject āĻšāϞā§, verb number āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Who / Which object āĻšāϞā§, āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Helping verb āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§, verb-āĻāϰ past participle (VÂŗ)/vš+ing āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Rule 20:Â
 âAfterâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âBeforeâ â āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ
âAfterâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âBeforeâ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§Â Past Perfect āĻāĻŦāĻ Past Simple āĻā§āύā§āϏā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Structure of âAfterâ =After + Subject + had + VÂŗ (Past Perfect) + , + Subject + V² (Past Simple)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
- âAfterâ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻāĻļā§Â Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ Past Simple (V²) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ :
Incorrect:Â After he (eat) dinner, he went to bed.
correct: After he had eaten dinner, he went to bed.
explanation: âAfterâ-āĻāϰ clause-āĻ had + VÂŗ āĻŦāϏā§, āϤāĻžāĻ had eaten āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ Past Simple went āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect:Â After they (finish) their work, they left the office.
correct: After they had finished their work, they left the office.
explanation: âAfterâ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻ āĻāĻļāĻāĻŋ Past Perfect āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻâāϤāĻžāĻ had finished āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠Past Simple left āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: After I (see) the movie, I talked to my friend about it.
correct: After I had seen the movie, I talked to my friend about it.
explanation: âAfterâ-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ Past Perfect had seen āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻžāĻ Past SimpleâtalkedāĨ¤
 Structure of âBeforeâ=Before + Subject + V² (Past Simple) + , + Subject + had + VÂŗ (Past Perfect)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
Incorrect:Â Before he (leave) the house, he had taken his umbrella.
correct: Before he left the house, he had taken his umbrella.
explanation: âBeforeâ-āĻāϰ clause-āĻ Past Simple left āĻŦāϏā§; āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ Past Perfect had taken āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Before she (start) the exam, she had revised all the chapters.
correct: Before she started the exam, she had revised all the chapters.
explanation: âBeforeâ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Past Simple started, āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠Past Perfect had revised āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Before we (go) to the party, we had bought some gifts.
correct: Before we went to the party, we had bought some gifts.
explanation: âBeforeâ clause-āĻ Past Simple went āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞ⧠Past Perfect had bought āĻšā§āĨ¤
Quick Summary:
âAfterâ clause â Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ), Main clause â Past Simple (V²)
âBeforeâ clause â Past Simple (V²), Main clause â Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ)
Rule 21:
 Infinitive / Gerund āĻāĻŦāĻ Clause â āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Infinitive (To + Verb), Gerund (Verb + ing) āĻāĻŦāĻ Clause āϝāĻāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āĻ°Â subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻžÂ singular āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ singular verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Structure 1: Infinitive as Subject
To + Verb = Singular Verb ( is, was, has)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
- āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤā§Â âTo + Verbâ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋ singular subject āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ singular verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ :
incorrect:Â To consume too many sugary foods (make) you feel unwell.
correct: To consume too many sugary foods makes you feel unwell.
explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤā§Â To + verb āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻž singular subject āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb makes āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect:Â To master English properly (require) steady effort.
correct: To master English properly requires steady effort.
explanation: To + verb subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ requires āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§; require āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect:Â To dive in deep water (are) quite risky.
correct: To dive in deep water is quite risky.
explanation: infinitive phrase singular āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ singular verb is āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§; are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
 Structure 2: Gerund as Subject
Verb + ing = Singular Verb ( is, was, has)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤā§Â Gerund (Verb + ing) āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ singular subject āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ singular verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ :
incorrect:Â Reading different kinds of stories (help) develop imagination.
correct: Reading different kinds of stories helps develop imagination.
explanation: āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠gerund Reading singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb helps āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect:Â Walking beside the lake in the evening (improve) mental peace.
correct: Walking beside the lake in the evening improves mental peace.
explanation: gerund phrase singular āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ verb-āĻ improves āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§; improve āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect:Â Smoking excessively (cause) serious health problems.
correct: Smoking excessively causes serious health problems.
explanation: Smoking singular subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ singular verb causes āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
 Structure 3: Clause as Subject
That / What / Whether / How + Clause + Singular Verb (is, was, has)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤā§Â âThat,â âWhat,â âWhether,â âHowâ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ clause āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ singular subject āĻšā§ā§ singular verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
incorrect:Â That she worked hard (prove) her determination.
correct: That she worked hard proves her determination.
explanation: âThat + clauseâ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb proves āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect:Â What he says (matter) nothing to me.
correct: What he says does not matter to me.
explanation: Clause subject āĻšāϞ⧠singular auxiliary does āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ does not matter āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect:Â How the students answer the question (show) their progress.
correct: How the students answer the question shows their progress.
explanation: âHow + clauseâ singular subject āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ singular verb shows āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Quick Recap:3
- Infinitive (To + Verb) = Singular Verb
- Gerund (Verb + ing) = Singular Verb
- Clause (That / What / HowâĻ) = Singular Verb
  Rule 22:Â
Pronouns That Take Singular Verbs (āϝā§āϏāĻŦ Pronoun āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠Subject āĻšāϞ⧠Singular Verb āĻšā§)
āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°Â Pronoun āĻā§āϞ⧠āϝāĻāĻ¨Â subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāĻ¨Â Singular Verb (V+s/es / is, was, has, does) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- Everybody, everyone, everything, each
- Nobody, no one, nothing, one of
- Anybody, anyone, anything, he/she/it
- Somebody, someone, something, one
- None, this, that
 Structure : Pronoun (Everybody, Someone, Anything, etc.) + Singular Verb ( is, was, has, does)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
- āĻāϏāĻŦ Pronoun āĻā§āϞā§Â singular āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻ singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Examples:
incorrect: Everybody (know) the answer.
correct: Everybody knows the answer.
explanation: Everybody singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ âs āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§; āϤāĻžāĻ knows āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: Everyone (want) to be successful.
correct: Everyone wants to be successful.
explanation: Everyone āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ wantsāĨ¤
incorrect: Each of the students (are) intelligent.
correct: Each of the students is intelligent.
explanation: Each singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb is āĻšāĻŦā§; are āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: Nobody (like) to be alone.
correct: Nobody likes to be alone.
explanation: Nobody singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ âs āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: No one (were) present at the meeting.
correct: No one was present at the meeting.
explanation: No one āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Nothing (make) me happier than success.
correct: Nothing makes me happier than success.
explanation: Nothing singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb makes āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: One of the boys (play) football every day.
correct: One of the boys plays football every day.
explanation: One āĻšāϞ⧠subject, āϝāĻž singular; āϤāĻžāĻ verb plays āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: Anybody (have) the right to express their opinion.
correct: Anybody has the right to express their opinion.
explanation: Anybody singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ hasāĨ¤
incorrect: Somebody (know) the truth.
correct: Somebody knows the truth.
explanation: Somebody singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb knows āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: None of the money (were) stolen.
correct: None of the money was stolen.
explanation: Money uncountable āĻāĻŦāĻ singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ wasāĨ¤
incorrect: This (seem) like a good idea.
correct: This seems like a good idea.
explanation: This singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ âs āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: That (need) to be fixed immediately.
correct: That needs to be fixed immediately.
explanation: That āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ verb needs āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Quick Recap:
- Â Pronouns â Singular Subject â Singular Verb (is, was, has, does)
- Â âOne of the + plural nounâ â Singular Verb
- âNone of + uncountable nounâ â Singular Verb
Rule 23:
 Plural-looking Nouns That Take Singular Verbs (āϝā§āϏāĻŦ Noun āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠Plural āĻšāϞā§āĻ Singular Verb āύā§ā§)
 āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°Â Noun āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāϤā§Â plural (s/es āϝā§āĻā§āϤ) āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āϞā§Â singular āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â Singular Verb (V-s/es / is, was, has, does) āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Categories of Such Nouns (āϝ⧠āϧāϰāύā§āϰ Noun Singular Verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§)
- āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϝ / āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āĻĨ / āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž â Length, Width, Height
- āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ / āĻāĻāύ â Amount, Weight
- āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ / āϏāĻŽā§ / āĻā§āϞāĻž â Distance, Time, Cricket, Football, Chess
- āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ / āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ â New York, Measles, Mumps, Rabies
- āĻŦāĻā§ā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ â âGreat Expectationsâ, âWar and Peaceâ
- āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ â The United States, The Philippines
- Magazine āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ â âThe Economistâ, âTimeâ
- āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ â âHamletâ, âOthelloâ
- āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ â âThe Daily Starâ, âThe New York Timesâ
- āĻāϞāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ â âAvengersâ, âThe Lord of the Ringsâ
 Structure: Noun (Length, Time, The United States, etc.) + Singular Verb (Vs / is, was, has, does)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āĻĻā§āĻāϤā§Â plural (s/es āϝā§āĻā§āϤ) āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āϞā§āĻā§Â āĻāĻāĻ āϏāϤā§āϤāĻžÂ āϧāϰā§Â singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Examples :
incorrect: The United States (have) a powerful economy.
correct: The United States has a powerful economy.
explanation: The United States āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠plural āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ; āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Twenty kilometers (are) too far to walk.
correct: Twenty kilometers is too far to walk.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠twenty kilometers āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ subject singular āϧāϰ⧠is āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Fifty dollars (were) missing from my purse.
correct: Fifty dollars was missing from my purse.
explanation: āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ fifty dollars singular āĻāĻŦāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ wasāĨ¤
incorrect: The Philippines (are) an attractive country.
correct: The Philippines is an attractive country.
explanation: āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ âThe Philippinesâ plural form āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: Cricket (are) my most loved sport.
correct: Cricket is my most loved sport.
explanation: Cricket āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ game-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ singular noun, āϤāĻžāĻ verb is āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Measles (spread) easily among kids.
correct: Measles spreads easily among kids.
explanation: Measles āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ spreadsāĨ¤
incorrect: The Lord of the Rings (are) a well-known film.
correct: The Lord of the Rings is a well-known film.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ movie-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The New York Times (publish) global news daily.
correct: The New York Times publishes global news daily.
explanation: Newspaper-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verb publishes āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Ten years (have) gone by since we met.
correct: Ten years has gone by since we met.
explanation: āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāϞâten yearsâāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The Daily Star (report) world news regularly.
correct: The Daily Star reports world news regularly.
explanation: Newspaper-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb reports āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
Quick Recap:
- āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠Plural āĻšāϞā§āĻ Singular Verb āύā§ā§āĨ¤
- āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž, āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ, āϏāĻŽā§, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ, āĻĻā§āĻļ, āϰā§āĻ, āĻŦāĻ, āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻŽāĻž, āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāϤā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ Singular Verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
- Formula: Noun + Singular Verb ( is, was, has, does)
 Rule 24:
 Collective Noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Singular Verb āĻŦāϏā§
 āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°Â Collective Noun āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ¤Â Singular Verb (is, was, has, s/es āϝā§āĻā§āϤ verb) āĻŦāϏā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āĻĻāϞāĻāĻŋāĻā§Â āĻāĻāĻ āϏāϤā§āϤāĻžÂ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
 āϤāĻŦā§Â āĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āϏāĻĻāϏā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§Â Plural Verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
Singular Verb āĻ Plural Verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ
-  Singular Verb â am / is / was / has / s āĻŦāĻž es āϝā§āĻā§āϤ verb / modal auxiliary (e.g., will, shall, can, may)
-  Plural Verb â are / were / have / s āĻŦāĻž es āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āύ verb / modal auxiliary (e.g., will, shall, can, may)
āϝā§Â Collective Nouns (āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Singular Verb āĻŦāϏā§)
-  Class (āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖā§)
-  Family (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ)
-  Corporation (āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻāĻž)
- Faculty (āĻ āύā§āώāĻĻ)
-  Committee (āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻŋ)
-  Farm (āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ)
-  Crowd (āĻāύāϤāĻž)
-  Band (āĻĻāϞ/āĻā§āϰā§āĻĒ)
-  Council (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώāĻĻ)
-  Board (āĻĻāϞ)
-  Chorus (āĻāĻžā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĻāϞ)
- Group (āĻĻāϞ)
- Company (āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ)
-  Government (āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ)
-  Organization (āϏāĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻž)
-  Team (āĻĻāϞ)
-  Orchestra (āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϝāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻĻāϞ)
-  Audience (āĻļā§āϰā§āϤāĻž)
-  Jury (āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻāϞ)
-  Public (āĻāύāϤāĻž)
-  Majority (āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻ )
-  Police (āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύā§)
 Structure: Collective Noun + Singular Verb (is, was, has, s/es āϝā§āĻā§āϤ verb, modal auxiliary)
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āĻĻāϞāĻāĻŋāĻā§Â āĻāĻāĻ āϏāϤā§āϤāĻžÂ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞā§Â Singular Verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āϏāĻĻāϏā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞā§Â Plural Verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Examples:
incorrect: The committee (decide) on the new rule.
correct: The committee decides on the new rule.
explanation: committee āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ collective noun, āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb decides āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The jury (were) giving their verdict.
correct: The jury was giving its verdict.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠jury āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāϞāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ unit āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The team (are) playing well.
correct: The team is playing well.
explanation: team collective noun āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: The government (have) announced new policies.
correct: The government has announced new policies.
explanation: government āĻāĻāĻĻāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The family (are) planning a trip.
correct: The family is planning a trip.
explanation: family āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ group āĻšāϞā§āĻ singular form āϧāϰ⧠is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The audience (were) enjoying the show.
correct: The audience was enjoying the show.
explanation: audience āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāĻĻāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώāĻā§ āĻāĻ unit āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb was āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The police (is) investigating the case.
correct: The police are investigating the case.
explanation: police āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb are āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
incorrect: The company (have) launched a new product.
correct: The company has launched a new product.
explanation: company āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āύ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb has āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The crowd (were) cheering loudly.
correct: The crowd was cheering loudly.
explanation: crowd collective noun āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻĻāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The faculty (have) decided to change the syllabus.
correct: The faculty has decided to change the syllabus.
explanation: faculty āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāĻĻāϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ body āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Quick Recap:
-  Collective Noun â Singular Subject â Singular Verb (is, was, has, s/es āϝā§āĻā§āϤ verb)
-  Individual Members āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠Plural Verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
-  Exception: âPoliceâ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ Plural Verb āύā§ā§āĨ¤
Rule 25:
 Sequence of Tense in Subordinating & Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating & Coordinating Conjunction āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϝāĻāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ clause āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāĻ¨Â sequence of tense āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻāϰ tense āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Present āĻŦāĻž future āĻāϰ āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ Clause āĻ āϝ⧠āĻā§āύ Tense āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻāϰ tense āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Past tense āĻāϰ āĻšā§Â āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ Clause āĻāϰ Tense āĻ Past tense āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϏāĻšāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§Â
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Present tense āĻŦāĻž Future tense āĻĨāĻžāĻā§,
āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ āϝā§āĻā§āύ⧠tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§âāĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āύā§āĻāĨ¤
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Past tense āĻĨāĻžāĻā§,
āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻ Past tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ āĻāĻļ Past āĻšāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻ Past āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Example:
List of Common Subordinating Conjunctions with Examples
incorrect: He left because he (do not like) the job.
correct: He left because he did not like the job.
explanation: āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ clause-āĻ past āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ do not like āĻā§āϞ; āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠past simple āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ did not like āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Although he was rich, he (do not) help others.
correct: Although he was rich, he did not help others.
explanation: although-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠past tense āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ main clause-āĻāĻ past simple āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§; āϤāĻžāĻ do not āύā§, did not āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She will leave before he (come).
correct: She will leave before he comes.
explanation: time clause-āĻ (before/when/while) future āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻ verb-āĻ present simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ come āĻā§āϞ, comes āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: Wait here until he (will return).
correct: Wait here until he returns.
explanation: until/till-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠future āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ verb-āĻ present simple āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ will return āύā§, returns āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Unless you (will work) hard, you cannot succeed.
correct: Unless you work hard, you cannot succeed.
explanation: unless/if āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ clause āĻšāϞ⧠future āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ verb-āĻ future tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ āύāĻž; āϤāĻžāĻ work āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: As soon as he (will arrive), we will start the meeting.
correct: As soon as he arrives, we will start the meeting.
explanation: as soon as-āĻāϰ clause-āĻ present simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻ will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
incorrect: Providing that he (will pay), I will give him the book.
correct: Providing that he pays, I will give him the book.
explanation: providing that/if-āĻāϰ clause-āĻ future āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ verb-āĻ present simple āĻŦāϏā§; āϤāĻžāĻ pays āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Example:
 List of Common Coordinating Conjunctions with Examples
incorrect: He did not eat, for he (do not like) the food.
correct: He did not eat, for he did not like the food.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause past tense-āĻ, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒāϰā§āϰ verb-āĻāĻŋāĻ past tense did not like āĻšāĻŦā§; do not like āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
incorrect: She (wake) up early and (go) for a walk.
correct: She wakes up early and goes for a walk.
explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ habitual action, āϤāĻžāĻ present simple tense āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰ; singular subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻ âs āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He does not like tea, nor he (like) coffee.
correct: He does not like tea, nor does he like coffee.
explanation: ânorâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠auxiliary verb subject-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻāϏā§; āϤāĻžāĻ structure āĻšāĻŦā§Â nor does he likeāĨ¤
incorrect: He tried hard but (fail).
correct: He tried hard but failed.
explanation: āĻĻā§āĻā§ action-āĻ āĻ
āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ past form failed āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Hurry up, or you (miss) the bus.
correct: Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
explanation: âorâ future result āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ clause-āĻ will miss āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She was ill, yet she (complete) the work.
correct: She was ill, yet she completed the work.
explanation: āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠verb-āĻāĻŋ past form completed āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: It was raining, so we (stay) indoors.
correct: It was raining, so we stayed indoors.
explanation: āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖâāĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻ past tense-āĻ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ past form stayed āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Quick Recap:
- Subordinating Conjunctions â Main Clause-āĻāϰ Tense āĻ āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠Subordinate Clause-āĻāϰ Tense āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Coordinating Conjunctions â āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ Independent Clause-āĻāϰ Tense āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
-  Sequence of Tense āĻŽā§āύ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Rule 26:
āĻā§āύ⧠sentence āĻŦāĻž clause āĻāϰ verb āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻ sentence āĻŦāĻž clause āĻāϰ subject āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§
Example :
Incorrect: The committee decide the final budget.
Correct: The committee decides the final budget.
Explanation: Committee āĻāĻāĻ āĻĻāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb decides āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Neither of the participants were selected.
Correct: Neither of the participants was selected.
Explanation: Neither of āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verb was āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: A bouquet of roses smell wonderful.
Correct: A bouquet of roses smells wonderful.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âbouquetâ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ -s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: One of my cousins own a restaurant.
Correct: One of my cousins owns a restaurant.
Explanation: One of myâĻ singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb owns āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: The information you gave me are helpful.
Correct: The information you gave me is helpful.
Explanation: Information uncountable noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Ten liters of water are enough for the trip.
Correct: Ten liters of water is enough for the trip.
Explanation: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ expression singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The pair of shoes look dirty.
Correct: The pair of shoes looks dirty.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠subject âpairââsingular, āϤāĻžāĻ looks āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Everybody in the classroom know the rule.
Correct: Everybody in the classroom knows the rule.
Explanation: Everybody singular pronoun, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ -s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Mathematics are difficult for many students.
Correct: Mathematics is difficult for many students.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠plural āĻšāϞā§āĻ Mathematics singular subjectāĨ¤
Incorrect: None of the advice were useful.
Correct: None of the advice was useful.
Explanation: Advice uncountable noun, āϤāĻžāĻ was āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: The group of dancers perform well today.
Correct: The group of dancers performs well today.
Explanation: āĻŽā§āϞ subject âgroupââsingular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb performs āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: My family are preparing dinner right now.
Correct: My family is preparing dinner right now.
Explanation: Family āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The news of the accident spread quickly.
Correct: The news of the accident spreads quickly.
Explanation: News singular noun, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ -s āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Twenty minutes were enough to finish the test.
Correct: Twenty minutes was enough to finish the test.
Explanation: āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ singular āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ was āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The team of athletes are practicing now.
Correct: The team of athletes is practicing now.
Explanation: âTeamâ singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb isāĨ¤
Incorrect: The police is searching the area.
Correct: The police are searching the area.
Explanation: Police plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ verb are āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Each of the answers are correct.
Correct: Each of the answers is correct.
Explanation: Each of singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: Your trousers is in the drawer.
Correct: Your trousers are in the drawer.
Explanation: Trousers plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb areāĨ¤
Incorrect: Either the manager or the assistants has the keys.
Correct: Either the manager or the assistants have the keys.
Explanation: Or āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb nearest subject āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§; āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠assistants pluralāĨ¤
Incorrect: A number of students is participating.
Correct: A number of students are participating.
Explanation: A number of āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠many, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb are āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻļāϞ:
-  Singular subject āĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻ singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
-  Plural subject āĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻ plural āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Collective nouns (committee, family) āĻāĻāĻ āĻĻāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠singular āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻĻāϏā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠plural āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
-  âEach,â âEvery,â âNeither,â âEither,â âOne ofâ â āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ singular verb āύā§ā§āĨ¤
-  âThere is/areâ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠subject āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Key Rules to Remember
- Â Singular subject â Singular verb
- Â Plural subject â Plural verb
- Â Uncountable nouns (money, work, advice, furniture, luggage, information, news) â Singular verb
-  âEach,â âEvery,â âEither,â âNeither,â âOne ofâ â Singular verb āύā§ā§
-  âA number ofâ â Plural verb, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠âThe number ofâ â Singular verb
Rule 27:
āϝ⧠āϏāĻāϞ āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻ āĻāĻļ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ, āϝā§āĻŽāĻ¨Â scissors, tongs, shorts, tweezers, jeans, trousers, pliers, glasses, āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻžÂ plural noun āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â plural verb (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: are, have, do) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ collective nounāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤ plural verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤:
Scissors āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ Tongs āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻāĻž
Shorts āĻšāĻžāĻĢ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻ Tweezers āϏāύā§āύāĻž /āĻļā§āύ
Jeans āĻāĻŋāύā§āϏ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻ Trousers āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻž
pliers āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāϏ glasses āĻāĻļāĻŽāĻž
Examples :
Scissors (āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ)
Incorrect: My scissors (is) very sharp.
Correct: My scissors are very sharp.
Explanation :
scissors āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§/āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§âāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋâāĻāĻŽāύāĻĻā§āϰāĻā§ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ are āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠subject-verb agreement āĻā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ is singular verbāĨ¤ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻ is āĻā§āϞ, are āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Trousers (āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻž / āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻ)
Incorrect: These trousers (is) too long for me.
Correct: These trousers are too long for me.
Explanation :
trousers (āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻ) āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ; āĻāĻāύā§āϝ are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
is singular āĻāĻŦāĻ āϝ⧠noun plural āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āϏ⧠noun-āĻ is āĻŽāĻžāύāĻžāύāϏāĻ āύāĻžâāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ is āĻā§āϞāĨ¤ are āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āϰā§āĻā§ plural āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĨ¤
Jeans (āĻāĻŋāύā§āϏ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻ)
Incorrect: His jeans (has) a stylish design.
Correct: His jeans have a stylish design.
Explanation :
jeans plural noun; āĻ āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž-āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖāĻ plural āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ â āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠haveāĨ¤
has singular āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖāĻāϤ āĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ has āĻā§āϞ, have āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Tweezers (āϏāύā§āύāĻž / āĻļā§āύāĻž)
Incorrect: The tweezers (is) in the drawer.
Correct: The tweezers are in the drawer.
Explanation:
tweezers = āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϏāϰāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŽ, plural noun āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤāĨ¤ Verb āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ plural āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ â areāĨ¤
is singular; āϤāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Glasses (āĻāĻļāĻŽāĻž)
Incorrect: Your glasses (is) on the table.
Correct: Your glasses are on the table.
Explanation :
glasses plural āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ (āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻļāĻŽāĻž)āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠subject-verb agreement āĻāĻžāĻā§ â āϤāĻžāĻ is āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Pliers (āĻĒā§āϞāĻžā§āĻžāϰā§āϏ / āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋā§āĻžāϰā§āϏ)
Incorrect: The pliers (is) in the toolbox.
Correct: The pliers are in the toolbox.
Explanation :
pliers āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ plural-only noun; āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb are āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ is āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ singular āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Shorts (āĻšāĻžāĻĢ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻ)
Incorrect: These shorts (is) too tight for me.
Correct: These shorts are too tight for me.
Explanation :
shorts plural form; āϤāĻžāĻ predicative verb-āĻ plural āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ: areāĨ¤ is āĻā§āϞ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
A pair of trousers (āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻž)
Incorrect: A pair of trousers (were) bought yesterday.
Correct: A pair of trousers was bought yesterday.
Explanation :
a pair singularâāĻāϤāĻāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāϝāĻŧ â āϤāĻžāĻ past singular verb was āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ were plural past tense; āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āύā§āĨ¤
passive/active sentence-āĻāĻ a pair of āĻāϏāϞ⧠subject singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb singular (was/is) āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύāĻāϤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āϞ⧠(scissors, trousers, jeans, glasses āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āύā§âāϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§āϰ āϝā§ā§āĻŋ/āĻā§ā§āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āĻ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧠plural āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻāϤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ āϞā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŦā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžā§ āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠âāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§ā§āĻžâ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖāĻāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ (plural) āĻĒāĻĻāĻŦāĻŋ āϧāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻ pronoun (they) āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ plural āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ (a pair of): āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāύ (āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§), āϤāĻāύ a pair of āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠subject-āĻā§ singular āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§; āϤāĻāύ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦā§āύ (is/was)āĨ¤
Singular Form (A Pair ofâĻ)
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞā§Â A pair of āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- A pair of scissors is on the table.(āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤)
 A pair of trousers was bought yesterday. (āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻāϤāĻāĻžāϞ āĻā§āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)Â
Rule 28:
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ (noun) āĻĻā§āĻāϤā§Â plural āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ, āĻāϏāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āϞā§Â singular āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ singular verb (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: is, was, has, does) āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āϰā§ā§āĻā§:
- āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻ āϧā§āϝā§āύ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§: (mathematics, statistics, economics, physics, optics, ethics) â āĻāĻŖāĻŋāϤ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύ, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ, āĻāϞā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ, āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻž
- āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϰā§āĻ: (smallpox) â āĻŦāϏāύā§āϤ āϰā§āĻ
- āĻ āĻŽā§āϰā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ: (news, gallows, innings) â āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻĢāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻā§āĻ, āĻāύāĻŋāĻāϏ
āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϏāĻŽā§āĻš:
- āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
-  āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžā§ āĻĒā§ā§āύ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻžā§ âitâ āĻŦāϏāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āύ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular verb āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āύāĻžā§ āϤāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
-  āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāώā§, āϰā§āĻ, āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āϰā§āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Example:
Mathematics
Incorrect: Mathematics (are) my favorite subject.
Correct: Mathematics is my favorite subject.
Explanation :
- Mathematics āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠plural āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ singular āĻšāĻŦā§ â isāĨ¤
- are plural verb; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠subjectâverb agreement āĻā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Statistics
Incorrect: Statistics (show) interesting results.
Correct: Statistics shows interesting results.
Explanation:
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠Statistics āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠âāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžââsubject (āĻŦāĻŋāώā§) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singularāĨ¤
- āϏā§āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠singular verb shows āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
- show plural verb; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠grammatical mismatch āĻšā§āĨ¤
Economics
Incorrect: Economics (have) a huge impact on society.
Correct: Economics has a huge impact on society.
Explanation:
- Economics āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāώā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠singular verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- has singular, āϤāĻžāĻ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
- have plural verb; āϤāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Optics
Incorrect: Optics (are) a branch of physics.
Correct: Optics is a branch of physics.
Explanation:
- Optics (āĻāϞā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§; āϤāĻžāĻ singular notion āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
- āĻĢāϞ⧠singular verb is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
- are plural, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Physics
Incorrect: Physics (deal) with the laws of nature.
Correct: Physics deals with the laws of nature.
Explanation:
- Physics āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ subject name āĻāĻŦāĻ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ s āϝā§āĻā§āϤ singular form deals āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
- deal plural form; subjectâverb agreement āĻā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
The news
Incorrect: The news (are) shocking.
Correct: The news is shocking.
Explanation:
- news āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠plural āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ singular (āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ/āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ)āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- are plural; āϤāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Ethics
Incorrect: Ethics (teach) us moral values.
Correct: Ethics teaches us moral values.
Explanation:
- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠ethics āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠âāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϰââāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώā§âāϤāĻžāĻ singularāĨ¤
- singular verb teaches āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
- teach plural verb, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Gallows
Incorrect: Gallows (are) used for execution.
Correct: Gallows is used for execution.
Explanation:
- Gallows (āĻĢāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻā§āĻ) āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠plural āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§âsingular āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- are plural verb; āĻĢāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
The innings
Incorrect: The innings (are) going well for our team.
Correct: The innings is going well for our team.
Explanation:
- innings (āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāύāĻŋāĻāϏ) āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ plural-looking āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāύāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠singular āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- are plural verb āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Smallpox
Incorrect: Smallpox (have) been eradicated.
Correct: Smallpox has been eradicated.
Explanation:
- Smallpox āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ â āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āϤāĻžāĻ singular auxiliary has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
- have plural, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
Rule 29:
āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ Plural nounāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠singular āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āϞāϤ plural āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠plural verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
People & Living Beings:
     Singular.…..…Plural
- Man â Men â āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ â āĻĒā§āϰā§āώāϰāĻž
- Woman â Women â āύāĻžāϰ⧠â āύāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻž
- Child â Children â āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ â āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻž
- Person â People â āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ â āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ/āĻāύāĻāĻŖ
- Foot â Feet â āĻĒāĻž â āĻĒāĻž (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Tooth â Teeth â āĻĻāĻžāĻāϤ â āĻĻāĻžāĻāϤ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Goose â Geese â āĻšāĻžāĻāϏ â āĻšāĻžāĻāϏ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Mouse â Mice â āĻāĻāĻĻā§āϰ â āĻāĻāĻĻā§āϰ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Louse â Lice â āĻāĻā§āύ â āĻāĻā§āύ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Ox â Oxen â āĻŦāϞāĻĻ/āώāĻžāĻā§ â āĻŦāϞāĻĻ/āώāĻžāĻā§ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Alumnus â Alumni â āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāύ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ â āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāύ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϰāϰāĻž
- Alumna â Alumnae â āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāύ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ⧠â āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāύ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϰā§āϰāĻž
Animals & Birds:
     Singular.…..…Plural
- Deer â Deer â āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖ â āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖ
- Sheep â Sheep â āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž â āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž
- Fish â Fish â āĻŽāĻžāĻ â āĻŽāĻžāĻ
- Moose â Moose â āĻŽā§āĻ āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖ â āĻŽā§āĻ āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖ
- Salmon â Salmon â āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻ â āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻ
- Trout â Trout â āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ â āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ
- Bison â Bison â āĻŦāύā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāώ â āĻŦāύā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāώ
Objects & Abstract Nouns:
     Singular.…..…Plural
- Cactus â Cacti â āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāϏ â āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāϏ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Focus â Foci â āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§ â āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Fungus â Fungi â āĻāϤā§āϰāĻžāĻ â āĻāϤā§āϰāĻžāĻ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Nucleus â Nuclei â āύāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏ â āύāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Radius â Radii â āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāϰā§āϧ â āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāϰā§āϧ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Syllabus â Syllabi â āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāϏā§āĻāĻŋ â āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāϏā§āĻāĻŋ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Thesis â Theses â āĻ āĻāĻŋāϏāύā§āĻĻāϰā§āĻ â āĻ āĻāĻŋāϏāύā§āĻĻāϰā§āĻ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Crisis â Crises â āϏāĻāĻāĻ â āϏāĻāĻāĻ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ)
- Phenomenon â Phenomena â āĻāĻāύāĻž/āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻž â āĻāĻāύāĻžāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
- Medium â Media â āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ â āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
- Datum â Data â āĻāĻĒāĻžāϤā§āϤ â āĻāĻĒāĻžāϤā§āϤāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
- Memorandum â Memoranda â āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻāϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ â āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻāϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
- Formula â Formulae/Formulas â āϏā§āϤā§āϰ â āϏā§āϤā§āϰāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
- Erratum â Errata â āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŖ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ â āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŖ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
Miscellaneous:
     Singular.…..…Plural
- Gallows â Gallows â āĻĢāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻā§āĻ â āĻĢāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻā§āĻ
- Hovercraft â Hovercraft â āĻāĻžāϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āϝāĻžāύ â āĻāĻžāϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āϝāĻžāύ
- Aircraft â Aircraft â āĻā§ā§āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ â āĻā§ā§āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ
- Poultry â Poultry â āĻā§āĻšāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋ â āĻā§āĻšāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋ
- Vermin â Vermin â āĻā§āĻāĻĒāϤāĻā§āĻ â āĻā§āĻāĻĒāϤāĻā§āĻ
- Cattle â Cattle â āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻļā§ â āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻļā§
- Gentry â Gentry â āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻāĻļā§ā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ â āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻāĻļā§ā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ
- Nobility â Nobility â āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϤ āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋ â āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϤ āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋ
- Clergy â Clergy â āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻšāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§ â āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻšāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§
- Folk â Folk â āĻāύāĻāĻŖ â āĻāύāĻāĻŖ
- Elite â Elite â āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āώāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ â āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āώāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
NB: āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āύāĻŋā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ â-sâ āĻŦāĻž â-esâ āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻšā§ āύāĻž, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§!Â
Irregular Plural Noun āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ Verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ:
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ (noun) irregular plural āĻšā§, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§, āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻ āύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ â-sâ āĻŦāĻž â-esâ āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ verb āĻŦā§āĻā§ āύā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§:
ΠāϝāĻĻāĻŋ irregular plural noun āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: men, women, children, feet, mice, geese), āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠plural verb (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: are, have, do, go) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
âĄÎ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ irregular plural noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻ āĻšā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: sheep, deer, fish, aircraft), āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠verb āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§:
- āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: is, has)āĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: are, have)āĨ¤
ΠāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϞā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāύ āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ irregular plurals (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: data, media, criteria, phenomena) āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ plural verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§āĻ
āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ noun āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠plural āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠plural verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ nounâāĻāϰ singular āĻ plural āĻāĻāĻ āϰāĻāĻŽ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§; āϏā§āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§āĻā§ verb āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϞā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāύ/āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ plural noun (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: data, media, criteria, phenomena) āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž plural verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§/āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect: The men (is) preparing for the long journey.
Correct: The men are preparing for the long journey.
Explanation: âMenâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ irregular plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ plural verb âareâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Incorrect: The children (plays) near the riverside every afternoon.
Correct: The children play near the riverside every afternoon.
Explanation: âChildrenâ plural āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠verb plural âplayâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Â The women (has) taken their seats in the auditorium.
Correct: The women have taken their seats in the auditorium.
Explanation: âWomenâ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ âhasâ āύāϝāĻŧ, plural verb âhaveâ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The geese (flies) low over the marshlands.
Correct: The geese fly low over the marshlands.
Explanation: âGeeseâ plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ plural âflyâāĨ¤
Incorrect: The mice (eats) everything kept in the storeroom.
Correct: The mice eat everything kept in the storeroom.
Explanation: âMiceâ āĻšāϞ⧠plural form, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb âeatâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Â The sheep (was) scattered across the hillside.
Correct: The sheep were scattered across the hillside.
Explanation: âSheepâ singularâplural āĻāĻāĻ āϰāĻāĻŽ; āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ sheep āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb âwereâ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The deer (runs) freely in the protected area.
Correct: The deer run freely in the protected area.
Explanation: âDeerâ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠plural āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb plural ârunâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Â The media (has) spread the announcement widely.
Correct: The media have spread the announcement widely.
Explanation: âMediaâ āĻšāϞ⧠plural noun; āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb âhaveâ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Â The data (is) still incomplete for final analysis.
Correct: The data are still incomplete for final analysis.
Explanation: âDataâ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž; plural verb âareâ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The alumni (was) delighted to meet their former teachers.
Correct: The alumni were delighted to meet their former teachers.
Explanation: âAlumniâ plural form, āϤāĻžāĻ verb plural âwereâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Rule 30:
- âA number ofâ + plural noun â plural verb (āϝāĻāύ âa number ofâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ âmanyâ āĻŦāĻž âseveralâ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻŦāϏā§)āĨ¤
- âThe number ofâ + plural noun â singular verb (āϝāĻāύ âthe number ofâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦāϏā§)āĨ¤
- âMany a/anâ + singular noun â singular verb (āϝāĻāύ âmany a/anâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ âeachâ āĻŦāĻž âeveryâ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦāϏā§)āĨ¤
Examples:
A number of + plural noun â plural verb
āϝāĻāύ a number of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻ/āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠plural verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
The number of + plural noun â singular verb
āϝāĻāύ the number of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Many a/an + singular noun â singular verb
Many a/an āĻāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ each/every, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: A number of researchers (is) exploring new ideas.
correct: A number of researchers are exploring new ideas.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠a number of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠plural noun āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ plural verb are āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: A number of villages (has) suffered from floods.
correct: A number of villages have suffered from floods.
explanation: A number of āĻ āύā§āĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb have āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύāĨ¤
incorrect: The number of visitors (are) decreasing sharply.
correct: The number of visitors is decreasing sharply.
explanation: The number of āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The number of accidents (have) dropped this month.
correct: The number of accidents has dropped this month.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠the number of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ singular verb has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
ncorrect: Many a worker (were) worried about the layoffs.
correct: Many a worker was worried about the layoffs.
explanation: Many a āĻāĻā§āĻāĻāύ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ singular noun āύā§āϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb was āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Many a writer (have) imagined such worlds.
correct: Many a writer has imagined such worlds.
explanation: Many a āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϞ⧠subject singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb has āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: A number of issues (was) raised during the meeting.
correct: A number of issues were raised during the meeting.
explanation: A number of plural āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb were āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The number of endangered species (are) alarming.
correct: The number of endangered species is alarming.
explanation: The number of āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
incorrect: Many a traveler (were) confused by the map.
correct: Many a traveler was confused by the map.
explanation: Many a āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠singular noun āĻ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: A number of proposals (has) been submitted.
correct: A number of proposals have been submitted.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠a number of āĻ āύā§āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb have āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaways:
- âA number ofâ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- âThe number ofâ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- âMany a/anâ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
 Rule 31:
āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻā§āύāĻžāĻāĻļ (one-third, half, two-thirds, a quarter āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻāύ verb āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§âāĻāĻā§āύāĻžāĻāĻļā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝ⧠noun āĻāϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ noun singular āĻšā§ â verb singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ noun plural āĻšā§ â verb plural āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻŽā§āϞ verb-āĻāϰ āϰā§āĻĒ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻŦā§ fraction-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž noun singular āύāĻž plural āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰāĨ¤
Example:
incorrect: One-half of the report (were) finished.
correct: One-half of the report was finished.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠report āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Two-thirds of the rice (are) spoiled.
correct: Two-thirds of the rice is spoiled.
explanation: rice āĻāĻŖāύāĻž-āĻ āϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: One-fourth of the city (have) lost power.
correct: One-fourth of the city has lost power.
explanation: subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž city āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Half of the juice (were) wasted.
correct: Half of the juice was wasted.
explanation: juice āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ mass noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝāĨ¤
incorrect: Three-quarters of the field (is) covered with grass.
correct: Three-quarters of the field are covered with grass.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠field āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: One-third of the students (was) present.
correct: One-third of the students were present.
explanation: students āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb plural āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Half of the rooms (is) locked.
correct: Half of the rooms are locked.
explanation: rooms plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb are āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: A quarter of the garden (have) dried up.
correct: A quarter of the garden has dried up.
explanation: garden āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb has āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Two-fifths of the teachers (was) protesting.
correct: Two-fifths of the teachers were protesting.
explanation: teachers plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: One-third of the machinery (are) outdated.
correct: One-third of the machinery is outdated.
explanation: machinery āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ collective singular noun; āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaways:
- Fraction + Singular Noun â Singular Verb
- Fraction + Plural Noun â Plural Verb
- Always match the verb with the noun after the fraction.
 Rule 32:
āϝāĻāύ No soonerâĻ than, ScarcelyâĻ when, āĻāĻŦāĻ HardlyâĻ when āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧâāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ verbâāĻāϰ past participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ auxiliary āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ had āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Sentence structure āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰā§āĻĒ āĻšā§â
No sooner had + subject + past participle + than + past tense
Scarcely had + subject + past participle + when + past tense
Hardly had + subject + past participle + when + past tense
āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠past perfectâāĻāϰ sense āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤
Example:
incorrect: No sooner had the train leave than the storm began.
correct: No sooner had the train left than the storm began.
explanation: âHadââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ verbâāĻāϰ past participle (left) āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§; āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ sudden sequence āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: No sooner had Mira open the window than a cold breeze entered.
correct: No sooner had Mira opened the window than a cold breeze entered.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âopenâ āύā§, âopenedâ āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ âhad + V3â āĻšāϞ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ structureāĨ¤
incorrect: Scarcely had the guests arrive when the lights went off.
correct: Scarcely had the guests arrived when the lights went off.
explanation: âScarcely hadââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ main verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ past participle āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ arrived āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: Scarcely had I finish reading when the alarm rang.
correct: Scarcely had I finished reading when the alarm rang.
explanation: âFinishâ āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ rule āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ past participle âfinishedâ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Scarcely had the dog bark when the children woke up.
correct: Scarcely had the dog barked when the children woke up.
explanation: past participle āĻāĻžā§āĻž structure āĻā§āϞ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ barked āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
incorrect: Hardly had they step outside when thunder roared.
correct: Hardly had they stepped outside when thunder roared.
explanation: âStepâ āύā§, âsteppedââāĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ âhadââāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ V3 āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Hardly had the show begin when the microphone failed.
correct: Hardly had the show begun when the microphone failed.
explanation: begin â begun (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ perfect structureāĨ¤
incorrect: Hardly had the teacher enter the class when the bell rang.
correct: Hardly had the teacher entered the class when the bell rang.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠entered āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ âhad + enteredâ past perfectâāĻāϰ sense āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤
incorrect: No sooner had the baby cry than everyone rushed to help.
correct: No sooner had the baby cried than everyone rushed to help.
explanation: cried (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ sudden-action sequence āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Hardly had the players sit down when the coach arrived.
correct: Hardly had the players sat down when the coach arrived.
explanation: sit â sat (V3) āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ; âhad + V3â āĻāĻžā§āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖāĻāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϞ āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Rule 33:Â
Have / Has / Had / Having + V3
āϝāĻāύ have, has, had, having āϏāĻšāĻžā§āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ past participle (V3) āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ (perfect tense) āĻāĻŦāĻ perfect participle āĻāĻ āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- have / has + V3 â present perfect
- had + V3 â past perfect
- having + V3 â perfect participle
Example:
incorrect: I have finish the assignment.
correct: I have finished the assignment.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠have āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž finishâāĻāϰ V3 finished āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She has write a long diary.
correct: She has written a long diary.
explanation: has āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋ written (V3) āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: They have see the new building.
correct: They have seen the new building.
explanation: see āĻāϰ past participle seen, āϤāĻžāĻ haveâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠seen āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He had break the vase before we arrived.
correct: He had broken the vase before we arrived.
explanation: had āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋ broken (V3) āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: We had speak to the manager earlier.
correct: We had spoken to the manager earlier.
explanation: speak āĻāϰ past participle spoken, āϤāĻžāĻ hadâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠spoken āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The team had lose the match before the rain started.
correct: The team had lost the match before the rain started.
explanation: lose āĻāϰ V3 lost, āϤāĻžāĻ hadâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠lost āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Having eat lunch, he returned to class.
correct: Having eaten lunch, he returned to class.
explanation: having āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž eatâāĻāϰ V3 eaten āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Having close the shop, they went home.
correct: Having closed the shop, they went home.
explanation: perfect participle āĻāĻ āύ⧠having āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠closed (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She has draw a beautiful portrait.
correct: She has drawn a beautiful portrait.
explanation: draw āĻāϰ past participle drawn, āϤāĻžāĻ hasâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠drawn āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: They have build a new cottage beside the river.
correct: They have built a new cottage beside the river.
explanation: build āĻāϰ V3 built, āϤāĻžāĻ haveâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠built āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Rule 33:
With / Together with / Along with / As well as / Accompanied by / In addition to / And not
āϝāĻāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ subjectâāĻā§ with, together with, along with, as well as, accompanied by, in addition to, and notâ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ verb āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāϞ⧠verbâāĻ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāϞ⧠verbâāĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject verbâāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§āϞ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
Example:
incorrect: The artist with his assistants (were) preparing the stage.
correct: The artist with his assistants was preparing the stage.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠artist āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verbâāĻ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ was āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The children along with their coach (is) practicing in the field.
correct: The children along with their coach are practicing in the field.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject children āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb are āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: My cousin as well as his teammates (have) joined the seminar.
correct: My cousin as well as his teammates has joined the seminar.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject my cousin āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb has āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The scientist together with his junior researchers (were) conducting the test.
correct: The scientist together with his junior researchers was conducting the test.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject scientist āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb was āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The girls with their teacher (is) visiting the museum.
correct: The girls with their teacher are visiting the museum.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject girls āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb are āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The inspector accompanied by officers (are) checking the documents.
correct: The inspector accompanied by officers is checking the documents.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject inspector āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The players in addition to the coach (was) upset with the result.
correct: The players in addition to the coach were upset with the result.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject players āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb were āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The novelist with her editors (have) completed the manuscript.
correct: The novelist with her editors has completed the manuscript.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject novelist āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb has āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The laptop and not the chargers (were) found damaged.
correct: The laptop and not the chargers was found damaged.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject laptop āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verbâāĻ was āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The engineers as well as the manager (is) reviewing the plan.
correct: The engineers as well as the manager are reviewing the plan.
explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject engineers āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb are āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
 Rule 34:
āϝāĻāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ subject EitherâĻor, NeitherâĻnor, NotâĻbut, āĻāĻŦāĻ Not onlyâĻbut also āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻāύ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular, āϤāĻŦā§ singular verb;
- āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject āϝāĻĻāĻŋ plural, āϤāĻŦā§ plural verbāĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect: Either the captain or the players (decides) the strategy.
Correct: Either the captain or the players decide the strategy.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject âplayersâ plural, āϤāĻžāĻ verb plural âdecideâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Neither the lamp nor the bulbs (is) glowing properly.
Correct: Neither the lamp nor the bulbs are glowing properly.
Explanation: âbulbsâ plural āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ verb plural âareâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Not the singer but the musicians (plays) the drums today.
Correct: Not the singer but the musicians play the drums today.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject âmusiciansâ plural, āϤāĻžāĻ âplayâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Not only the principal but also the teachers (has) joined the meeting.
Correct: Not only the principal but also the teachers have joined the meeting.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject âteachersâ plural; āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb âhaveâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Either my cousin or my parents (goes) to the village every week.
Correct: Either my cousin or my parents go to the village every week.
Explanation: âparentsâ plural subject, āϤāĻžāĻ âgoâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Neither the kitten nor the puppies (runs) away from the yard.
Correct: Neither the kitten nor the puppies run away from the yard.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject âpuppiesâ plural, āϤāĻžāĻ verb plural ârunâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Not the branches but the root (are) damaged by insects.
Correct: Not the branches but the root is damaged by insects.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject ârootâ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb âisâ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Either the bicycles or the car (are) blocking the entrance.
Correct: Either the bicycles or the car is blocking the entrance.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject âcarâ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ âisâ āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Not only the travelers but also their guide (were) exhausted.
Correct: Not only the travelers but also their guide was exhausted.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject âguideâ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ âwasâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Neither the poets nor the novelist (write) about this theme.
Correct: Neither the poets nor the novelist writes about this theme.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ subject ânovelistâ singular, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb âwritesâ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
āϝāĻāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ subject âeitherâĻor,â âneitherâĻnor,â ânotâĻbut,â āĻāĻŦāĻ ânot onlyâĻbut alsoâ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻāύ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧ subject āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤
 Rule 34:
- And āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ subject āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§Â plural verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- And āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ subject āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§Â singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ each, every, āĻŦāĻžÂ no āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞā§Â singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
And āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ subject āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϞā§â
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§, āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϝā§āĻĨ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻŦā§ singular verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āĻāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ subjectâāĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ each, every, āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž no āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž singular verb āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Example:
incorrect: My uncle and my aunt (visits) our home every winter.
correct: My uncle and my aunt visit our home every winter.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻāύ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb visit āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Poverty and ignorance (is) the root of many problems.
correct: Poverty and ignorance are the root of many problems.
explanation: āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž abstract noun, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The captain and coach (are) guiding the team strictly.
correct: The captain and coach is guiding the team strictly.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠captain āĻāĻŦāĻ coach āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Rice and curry (are) my usual lunch.
correct: Rice and curry is my usual lunch.
explanation: âRice and curryâ āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Each book and each notebook (are) kept on the shelf.
correct: Each book and each notebook is kept on the shelf.
explanation: subjectâāĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ each āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Every singer and every musician (perform) in the yearly concert.
correct: Every singer and every musician performs in the yearly concert.
explanation: every āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb singular āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ performs āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: No teacher and no student (were) allowed to enter late.
correct: No teacher and no student was allowed to enter late.
explanation: no āĻĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ verb singular was āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Bread and jam (make) a perfect breakfast for me.
correct: Bread and jam makes a perfect breakfast for me.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb makes āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: The writer and poet (have) arrived at the program.
correct: The writer and poet has arrived at the program.
explanation: writer āĻāĻŦāĻ poet āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: My cousin and my neighbor (plans) to start a garden together.
correct: My cousin and my neighbor plan to start a garden together.
explanation: āĻĻā§āĻāĻāύ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž subject, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb plan āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
- And āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠plural verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- Each, Every, āĻŦāĻž No āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
 Rule 35:
āϝāĻāĻ¨Â Here āĻŦāĻžÂ There āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāĻ¨Â verb āĻŦāϏā§Â verb-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ subject āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§, subject āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāϞā§Â singular verb āĻāĻŦāĻ subject āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāϞā§Â plural verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Examples:
Subject āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāϞ⧠singular verb, subject āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāϞ⧠plural verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ subject-āĻāϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: There (is) many visitors waiting outside.
Correct: There are many visitors waiting outside.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠subject āĻšāϞ⧠many visitors, āϝāĻž plural; āϤāĻžāĻ are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Here (comes) the children from the playground.
Correct: Here come the children from the playground.
Explanation: the children āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb come āĻŦāϏā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: There (has been) several mistakes in the report.
Correct: There have been several mistakes in the report.
Explanation: several mistakes plural, āϤāĻžāĻ have been āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: Here (is) the keys you were looking for.
Correct: Here are the keys you were looking for.
Explanation: subject āĻšāϞ⧠the keys, āϝāĻž plural, āϤāĻžāĻ are āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: There (was) two lamps on the bedside table.
Correct: There were two lamps on the bedside table.
Explanation: two lamps plural, āϤāĻžāĻ were āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Here (goes) my shoes and jacket.
Correct: Here go my shoes and jacket.
Explanation: subject āĻšāϞ⧠my shoes and jacket, āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb goāĨ¤
Incorrect: There (is) several options to choose from.
Correct: There are several options to choose from.
Explanation: several options āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ are āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Here (has) an idea and a plan to solve the issue.
Correct: Here have an idea and a plan to solve the issue.
Explanation: an idea and a planâāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb haveāĨ¤
Incorrect: There (comes) the trucks from the warehouse.
Correct: There come the trucks from the warehouse.
Explanation: subject the trucks plural, āϤāĻžāĻ come āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: Here (is) a cat and two kittens near the door.
Correct: Here are a cat and two kittens near the door.
Explanation: āĻŽā§āĻ subject āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ (āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ cat + āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ kittens), āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb are āĻŦāϏā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
Here āĻŦāĻž There āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§ verb-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ subject āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤
 Rule 36:
āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠who, which, that āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ relative pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝ⧠verb āĻŦāϏā§, āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰ⧠antecedentâāĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ (āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ relative pronoun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϝ⧠noun āĻāĻā§)āĨ¤
- Antecedent āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular āĻšāϝāĻŧ â verb āĻšāĻŦā§ singularāĨ¤
- Antecedent āϝāĻĻāĻŋ plural āĻšāϝāĻŧ â verb āĻšāĻŦā§ pluralāĨ¤
incorrect: She is the artist who (paint) beautiful portraits.
correct: She is the artist who paints beautiful portraits.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠artist āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ who-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠singular verb paints āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: They are the travelers who (explore) new cultures every year.
correct: They are the travelers who explore new cultures every year.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠antecedent travelers āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb explore āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: This is the clock that (tick) loudly at night.
correct: This is the clock that ticks loudly at night.
explanation: antecedent clock āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb ticks āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
incorrect: Those are the scientists who (study) climate changes deeply.
correct: Those are the scientists who study climate changes deeply.
explanation: antecedent scientists plural āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ plural verb study āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He is the officer who (inspect) the documents carefully.
correct: He is the officer who inspects the documents carefully.
explanation: antecedent officer āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb inspects āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: These are the children who (enjoy) outdoor games the most.
correct: These are the children who enjoy outdoor games the most.
explanation: children plural subject, āϤāĻžāĻ enjoy plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: It is the device that (operate) automatically.
correct: It is the device that operates automatically.
explanation: antecedent device singular, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb operates āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
incorrect: They are the musicians who (perform) at the festival.
correct: They are the musicians who perform at the festival.
explanation: antecedent musicians āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb perform āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She is the woman who (lead) the entire project.
correct: She is the woman who leads the entire project.
explanation: antecedent woman singular, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb leads āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Those are the birds that (fly) across the river every dawn.
correct: Those are the birds that fly across the river every dawn.
explanation: antecedent birds plural, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb fly āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
- Relative pronoun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§ antecedent-āĻāϰ number āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤
- Antecedent singular āĻšāϞ⧠â Singular verbāĨ¤
- Antecedent plural āĻšāϞ⧠â Plural verbāĨ¤
 Rule 37:
āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°Â Pronoun āĻā§āϞ⧠āϝāĻāĻ¨Â verb-āĻāϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Singular Verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§āĻ
āϝāĻāύ Everybody, Everyone, Everything, Each, Nobody, No one, Nothing, Anybody, Anyone, Anything, Somebody, Someone, Something, One, None, This, ThatâāĻāĻā§āϞ⧠subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ singular āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ, āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Example:
incorrect: Everybody (know) the schedule.
correct: Everybody knows the schedule.
explanation: everybody āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb knows āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Each of the dancers (perform) beautifully.
correct: Each of the dancers performs beautifully.
explanation: each āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ performsāĨ¤
incorrect: Nothing (make) sense in this story.
correct: Nothing makes sense in this story.
explanation: nothing āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ makesāĨ¤
incorrect: Anyone (have) the courage to try this.
correct: Anyone has the courage to try this.
explanation: anyone singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Somebody (know) where the key is.
correct: Somebody knows where the key is.
explanation: somebody āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ verb āĻšā§ knowsāĨ¤
incorrect: No one (understand) the message.
correct: No one understands the message.
explanation: no one singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb understands āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Something (appear) strange in the room.
correct: Something appears strange in the room.
explanation: something āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ subject, āϤāĻžāĻ appears āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: One of the leaders (speak) at the event.
correct: One of the leaders speaks at the event.
explanation: one of āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ verb āύā§ā§, āϤāĻžāĻ speaks āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: This (look) perfect to me.
correct: This looks perfect to me.
explanation: this āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ pronoun, verb āĻšāĻŦā§ looksāĨ¤
incorrect: That (seem) impossible right now.
correct: That seems impossible right now.
explanation: that āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ subject, āϤāĻžāĻ verb āĻšāĻŦā§ seemsāĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
- āĻāĻ Pronoun āĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Singular Verb āύā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Verb singular āĻšāĻŦā§ (e.g., is, was, has, does, knows)āĨ¤
 Rule 38:
 (Wish / If / If only / As if / As though + Unreal Situation)
āϝāĻāύ wish, if, if only, as if, as though āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ, āĻ
āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ to be āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āϝāĻžāĻ āĻšā§āĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧâ
- āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻļā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤā§
- āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§
- āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§
Example:
incorrect: I wish I was invisible.
correct: I wish I were invisible.
explanation: Wish āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠was āύā§, were āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If he was a doctor, he could treat them.
correct: If he were a doctor, he could treat them.
explanation: If-āĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She talks as if she was my guardian.
correct: She talks as if she were my guardian.
explanation: As if āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠were āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If only the weather was cooler!
correct: If only the weather were cooler!
explanation: If only āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž/āĻ
āύā§āĻļā§āĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ were āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He behaves as though he was the leader.
correct: He behaves as though he were the leader.
explanation: As though āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: I wish today was my birthday.
correct: I wish today were my birthday.
explanation: Wish āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠were āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: She smiles as if nothing was wrong.
correct: She smiles as if nothing were wrong.
explanation: As if + unreal situation â were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If I was in your position, I would decide fast.
correct: If I were in your position, I would decide fast.
explanation: If-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāϰā§āϤ⧠were āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: If only he was more responsible!
correct: If only he were more responsible!
explanation: If only + unreal wish â were āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He looks at me as if I was invisible.
correct: He looks at me as if I were invisible.
explanation: As if āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĨ¤
 Rule 39:
All / Some / No / A lot ofâāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝ⧠noun āĻāϏā§, verb āϏā§āĻ noun-āĻāϰ number āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- Noun singular āĻšāϞ⧠â singular verb
- Noun plural āĻšāϞ⧠â plural verb
Example:
incorrect: All of the milk (have) spoiled.
correct: All of the milk has spoiled.
explanation: milk āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ mass/material noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Some of the furniture (are) old.
correct: Some of the furniture is old.
explanation: furniture āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāĻšā§āύ noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: No luggage (were) lost at the airport.
correct: No luggage was lost at the airport.
explanation: luggage singular uncountable noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
incorrect: A lot of the equipment (have) arrived.
correct: A lot of the equipment has arrived.
explanation: equipment āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: All of the workers (is) taking a break.
correct: All of the workers are taking a break.
explanation: workers plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Some of the animals (has) escaped from the cage.
correct: Some of the animals have escaped from the cage.
explanation: animals plural, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: No students (was) interested in the offer.
correct: No students were interested in the offer.
explanation: students plural noun, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: A lot of the houses (is) damaged by the storm.
correct: A lot of the houses are damaged by the storm.
explanation: houses plural, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύāĨ¤
incorrect: Some of the juice (were) spilled on the table.
correct: Some of the juice was spilled on the table.
explanation: juice singular mass noun, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: All of the birds (has) flown away.
correct: All of the birds have flown away.
explanation: birds plural subject, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
- All / Some / No / A lot of āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ noun āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- Noun singular āĻšāϞ⧠â Singular Verb (is, was, has)āĨ¤
- Noun plural āĻšāϞ⧠â Plural Verb (are, were, have)āĨ¤
 Rule 40
One and a half + Plural Noun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Singular Verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§
One and a half + plural noun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ singular āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ âone and a halfâ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ + āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϰā§āϧā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§âāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ (unit) āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ verb singular āĻšā§āĨ¤
Example:
incorrect: One and a half weeks (are) too short to finish this research.
correct: One and a half weeks is too short to finish this research.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âone and a half weeksâ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
________________________________________
incorrect: One and a half bottles of juice (have) gone missing from the fridge.
correct: One and a half bottles of juice has gone missing from the fridge.
explanation: âone and a half bottlesâ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
________________________________________
incorrect: One and a half chapters of the novel (were) completed yesterday.
correct: One and a half chapters of the novel was completed yesterday.
explanation: âone and a half chaptersâ āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ
incorrect: One and a half kilometers (were) left to reach the village.
correct: One and a half kilometers was left to reach the village.
explanation: āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ âone and a half kilometersâ āĻāĻāĻ unit āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb was āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: One and a half plates of biryani (are) enough for him.
correct: One and a half plates of biryani is enough for him.
explanation: āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ âone and a half platesâ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
âOne and a half + Plural Nounâ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Singular Verb āύā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Verb Singular āĻšāĻŦā§ (is, was, has)āĨ¤
 Rule 41:
āϝāĻāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§Â āϝā§āĻ (+), āĻŦāĻŋā§ā§āĻ (-), āĻā§āĻŖ (Ã), āĻāĻžāĻ (Ãˇ) āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāĻ¨Â verb Singular āĻŦāĻž Plural āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖÂ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞā§Â Singular Verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖÂ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞā§Â Plural Verb āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§
āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āϝā§āĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻ, āĻā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ verb singular āĻŦāĻž pluralâāĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ â Singular Verb
āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ â Plural Verb
incorrect: Three plus two (are) five.
correct: Three plus two is five.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âthree plus twoâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ (ā§Ģ) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Nine minus four (make) five.
correct: Nine minus four makes five.
explanation: āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻĢāϞā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ singular verb makes āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Six times three (are) eighteen.
correct: Six times three is eighteen.
explanation: āĻā§āĻŖāĻĢāϞ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
incorrect: Seven and three (produces) two separate groups.
correct: Seven and three produce two separate groups.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠âseven and threeâ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural verb produce āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
incorrect: Eight divided by four (give) two equal parts.
correct: Eight divided by four gives two equal parts.
explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻĢāϞ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ (⧍), āϤāĻžāĻ singular verb gives āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝā§āĻ, āĻŦāĻŋā§ā§āĻ, āĻā§āĻŖ, āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ â Singular Verb (is, was, makes)
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ â Plural Verb (are, were, make)
 Rule 42:
Subjunctive Mood-āĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰā§Â wish, suggest, recommend, demand, insist āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ clause-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ base form (āĻŽā§āϞ verb) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- Third person singular (he/she/it) āĻšāϞā§āĻ s/es āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
- Be verb-āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϏāĻŦ person-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āĻ¯Â be āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§:
Wish, suggest, recommend, demand, insistâāĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ verbâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž clause-āĻ base form (V1) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Subject he/she/it āĻšāϞā§āĻ verb-āĻ s/es āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Be-verb āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻŦ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠be āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Hypothetical / unreal condition-āĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Example:
incorrect: The coach suggested that the player follows a strict diet.
correct: The coach suggested that the player follow a strict diet.
explanation: suggest-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž clause-āĻ subjunctive mood āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular subject āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ verb-āĻ s/es āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĨ¤ subjunctive āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠that clause āĻāϰ verb āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϰāĻāĻžāϞ should āĻāĻšā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
incorrect: I wish she was more careful about her health.
correct: I wish she were more careful about her health.
explanation: wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠unreal āĻŦāĻž imaginary āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, subject āϝāĻžāĻ āĻšā§āĻ āύāĻž āĻā§āύāĨ¤
incorrect: The committee demanded that the report is completed today.
correct: The committee demanded that the report be completed today.
explanation: demand-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž clause-āĻ be-verb-āĻāϰ subjunctive form be āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
incorrect: It is essential that every participant arrives on time.
correct: It is essential that every participant arrive on time.
explanation: essential + that clause â subjunctive mood āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ verb-āĻāϰ base form arrive āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
incorrect: He acts as if he is the owner of the company.
correct: He acts as if he were the owner of the company.
explanation: as if/ as though āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠verb-āĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
- Subjunctive Mood-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ base form (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž) āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- Be verb āϏāĻŦ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āĻ be āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
-  Hypothetical āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Rule 43:
Present Simple/Indefinite Tense-āĻ s/es/ies āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻāĻ¨Â Subject āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ (he, she, it āĻŦāĻž āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ noun) āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
s/es/ies āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ verb-āĻāϰ singular form āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ Subject-Verb Agreement āĻŦāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
________________________________________
 S/es/ies āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ:
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ verb-āĻ s āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§:
He, She, It āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ s āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Example:
He runs every morning. (āϏ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϏāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
Verb āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠ch, sh, x, s, o āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠es āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§:
Example:
She watches TV every day. (āϏ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤)
He goes to school. (āϏ⧠āϏā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
Verb āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠consonant + y āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠ies āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§:
Example:
She tries her best. (āϏ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤)
He studies hard. (āϏ⧠āĻŽāύā§āϝā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤)
Vowel + y āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻļā§āϧ⧠s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:
Example:
He plays football. (āϏ⧠āĻĢā§āĻāĻŦāϞ āĻā§āϞā§āĨ¤)
She enjoys reading. (āϏ⧠āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤)
 Examples :
Third Person Singular (he, she, it):
ÃHe run very fast. (āϏ⧠āĻā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āĻĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) ââ runs)
à She play piano well. (āϏ⧠āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĒāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) â (âplays)
à It rain a lot in July. (āĻā§āϞāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧā§ āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) â (â rains)
Verb ending with ch, sh, s, x, o (Add âesâ):
à She watch TV in the evening. (āϏ⧠āϏāύā§āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤) â (âwatches)
ÃHe go to the gym every day. (āϏ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) â (âgoes)
ÃThe bus pass my house every hour. (āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) â (â passes)
Verb ending with consonant + y (Change y to ies):
ÃHe try to help everyone. (āϏ⧠āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤) â (âtries)
à She cry when she is sad. (āϏ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĨ¤) â (â cries)
à The baby fly in the dream. (āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧠āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) â (â flies)
Verb ending with vowel + y (Add s):
à He play cricket every Sunday. (āϏ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āϞā§āĨ¤) â (â plays)
à She enjoy the movie. (āϏ⧠āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤) â (â enjoys)
à The boy obey his parents. (āĻā§āϞā§āĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻļā§āύā§āĨ¤) â (â obeys)
More Example:
Explanation: Subject he singular, so verb takes s.
Incorrect: He walk to school every morning.
Correct: He walks to school every morning.
Explanation: Subject she singular; main verb must add s.
Incorrect: She read storybooks at night.
Correct: She reads storybooks at night.
Explanation: It singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻ s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: It make a strange noise.
Correct: It makes a strange noise.
Explanation: Verb ends in ch, so es is required.
Incorrect: She watch the birds from her window.
Correct: She watches the birds from her window.
Explanation: Verb ends in o; āϤāĻžāĻ es āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He go to the rooftop at sunset.
Correct: He goes to the rooftop at sunset.
Explanation: Ending ss takes es in third-person singular.
Incorrect: The train pass the station every hour.
Correct: The train passes the station every hour.
Explanation: Verb ends in sh, āϤāĻžāĻ es āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She wash her clothes on Fridays.
Correct: She washes her clothes on Fridays.
Explanation: Verb ends in x, so es is added.
Incorrect: He fix the light when it flickers.
Correct: He fixes the light when it flickers.
Explanation: Consonant + y â y changes to ies.
Incorrect: The baby cry when hungry.
Correct: The baby cries when hungry.
Explanation: Consonant + y ending verb takes ies.
Incorrect: He try to solve the puzzle.
Correct: He tries to solve the puzzle.
Explanation: Consonant + y; āϤāĻžāĻ y â ies āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The bird fly low before rain.
Correct: The bird flies low before rain.
Explanation: Vowel + y ending verb takes only s.
Incorrect: She play violin beautifully.
Correct: She plays violin beautifully.
Explanation: Vowel + y āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāϞ s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Incorrect: He enjoy long walks in winter.
Correct: He enjoys long walks in winter.
Explanation: Vowel + y endingâonly s is added.
Incorrect: The child obey his elder sister.
Correct: The child obeys his elder sister.
Explanation: Verb ends in se sound; grammar rule requires es.
Incorrect: The cat chase butterflies in the garden.
Correct: The cat chases butterflies in the garden.
Explanation: Verb ends in sh, so es is required.
Incorrect: She finish her homework quickly.
Correct: She finishes her homework quickly.
Explanation: ch ending verbs always take es.
Incorrect: He teach English at a local school.
Correct: He teaches English at a local school.
Explanation: Regular verb; āĻļā§āϧ⧠s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The bus stop near my lane.
Correct: The bus stops near my lane.
Explanation: Third-person singular subject â verb + s.
Incorrect: He open the shop early.
Correct: He opens the shop early.
Explanation: Regular verb; āϤāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āϧ⧠s āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She kick the ball with force.
Correct: She kicks the ball with force.
Key Takeaway:
- He, She, It āĻŦāĻž āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ subject āĻšāϞ⧠â s/es/ies āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠ch, sh, s, x, o āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠es āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- Consonant + y āĻšāϞ⧠ies, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Vowel + y āĻšāϞ⧠s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Rule 44:
Verbš-āĻāĻ°Â āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ:
Incorrect: She always (walks) to school early.
Correct: She always walks to school early.
Explanation: Habitual action āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠present simple-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ s/es āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They (plays) football every afternoon.
Correct: They play football every afternoon.
Explanation: Subject plural āĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āϰā§āĻĒ play āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I (goes) to the market every Friday.
Correct: I go to the market every Friday.
Explanation: âIâ subject-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Birds (flies) in the sky.
Correct: Birds fly in the sky.
Explanation: Plural subject-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ verb-āĻāϰ Vâ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He (eat) rice every night.
Correct: He eats rice every night.
Explanation: Third-person singular-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠s āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Please (opens) the door.
Correct: Please open the door.
Explanation: Imperative āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: (Goes) out immediately.
Correct: Go out immediately.
Explanation: āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ/āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Let him (goes) now.
Correct: Let him go now.
Explanation: âLetâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I want (to went) home early.
Correct: I want to go home early.
Explanation: âToâ infinitive-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ verb-āĻāϰ Vâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She decided (to takes) a rest.
Correct: She decided to take a rest.
Explanation: âDecided toâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They came (to meets) us.
Correct: They came to meet us.
Explanation: Purpose āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠infinitive-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Vâ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
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Incorrect: I must (goes) now.
Correct: I must go now.
Explanation: Modal verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ base form āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She can (drives) a car.
Correct: She can drive a car.
Explanation: âCanâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Vâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They will (comes) tomorrow.
Correct: They will come tomorrow.
Explanation: âWillâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: It is important that he (comes) early.
Correct: It is important that he come early.
Explanation: Subjunctive mood-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I suggest that she (goes) home now.
Correct: I suggest that she go home now.
Explanation: Suggest/insist/demand-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ Vâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
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Incorrect: After meals, we usually (takes) rest.
Correct: After meals, we usually take rest.
Explanation: Adverb of frequency-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb base form āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ (plural subject).
Incorrect: He rarely (drink) milk.
Correct: He rarely drinks milk.
Explanation: Third-person singular āĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻ s āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The stars (shines) brightly at night.
Correct: The stars shine brightly at night.
Explanation: Plural subject âstarsââ āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞāϰā§āĻĒ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: My parents (supports) me in everything.
Correct: My parents support me in everything.
Explanation: âParentsâ pluralâ āϤāĻžāĻ support āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Water (boils) at 100°C.
Correct: Water boils at 100°C.
Explanation: Scientific fact āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠present simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ singular subject-āĻ s āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
 Rule 45:
Verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ V2 (Past Form) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ:
Verb-āĻāĻ°Â V2 (Past Form) āĻŽā§āϞāĻ¤Â Past Tense āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ¤Â Past Simple Tense-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠V2 āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§:
Incorrect: He (go) to school yesterday.
Correct: He went to school yesterday.
Explanation (Bangla): Yesterday āĻ āϤā§āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ Vâ āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽ went āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They (eat) lunch an hour ago.
Correct: They ate lunch an hour ago.
Explanation (Bangla): Ago āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ ate āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She (take) the notebook last night.
Correct: She took the notebook last night.
Explanation (Bangla): Last night āĻ āϤā§āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ past form took āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Incorrect: We (see) that drama last week.
Correct: We saw that drama last week.
Explanation (Bangla): Last week past time marker, āϤāĻžāĻ saw āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He (finish) his task yesterday.
Correct: He finished his task yesterday.
Explanation : āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ finished āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He (play) cricket every afternoon when he was young.
Correct: He played cricket every afternoon when he was young.
Explanation (Bangla): āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past form played āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They (go) to that garden every Sunday.
Correct: They went to that garden every Sunday.
Explanation: āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āϰā§āĻāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻž repeated action āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠went āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I (meet) him yesterday near the station.
Correct: I met him yesterday near the station.
Explanation : Yesterday āĻ āϤā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻ met āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She (leave) the office two hours ago.
Correct: She left the office two hours ago.
Explanation (Bangla): Two hours ago āĻ āϤā§āϤ, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ past form left āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Incorrect: If I (am) a bird, I would fly freely.
Correct: If I were a bird, I would fly freely.
Explanation (Bangla): āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Incorrect: I wish I (have) a little more money.
Correct: I wish I had a little more money.
Explanation (Bangla): Wish āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠unreal past āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠had āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: It is time we (go) home now.
Correct: It is time we went home now.
Explanation (Bangla): It is timeâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ; āϤāĻžāĻ went āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He said that he (is) happy.
Correct: He said that he was happy.
Explanation (Bangla): Reported speech-āĻ is â was āĻšā§ā§ Vâ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She said that she (like) mangoes.
Correct: She said that she liked mangoes.
Explanation (Bangla): Direct āĻĨā§āĻā§ indirect-āĻ present tense verb past tense liked āĻšā§ā§ āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I (want) to ask you something politely.
Correct: I wanted to ask you something politely.
Explanation (Bangla): āĻāĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past form wanted āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I (ask) if you need any help.
Correct: I was wondering if you needed any help.
Explanation (Bangla): āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž indirect request āĻāϰāϤ⧠past form needed āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Key Takeaway:
V2 āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:
- āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠(Past Simple)
- āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§
- āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§
- Reported Speech-āĻ
- āĻāĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļā§
Verb Rule 46:
Verb-āĻāĻ°Â V3 (Past Participle Form) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ:
V3 (Past Participle Form) āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύā§āĻā§āϤ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:
- Perfect Tense āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§
- Passive Voice āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤā§
- Modal +be -āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§
- Adjective āĻŦāĻž Modifier āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§
- Reported Speech-āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§
Incorrect: He has go to the library. (go)
Correct: He has gone to the library.
Explanation (Bangla): Perfect tense-āĻ has/have + Vâ āϞāĻžāĻā§; āϤāĻžāĻ gone āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒāĨ¤
Incorrect: They had finish their project early. (finish)
Correct: They had finished their project early.
Explanation (Bangla): Past perfect-āĻ had + Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ finished āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I have write three emails today. (write)
Correct: I have written three emails today.
Explanation (Bangla): Present perfect tense-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ past participle written āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The message is send by the officer. (send)
Correct: The message is sent by the officer.
Explanation (Bangla): Passive voice-āĻ be verb + Vâ āϞāĻžāĻā§; āϤāĻžāĻ sent āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Incorrect: The walls were paint last week. (paint)
Correct: The walls were painted last week.
Explanation (Bangla): âWere + Vââ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ passive āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ painted āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The package has been deliver already. (deliver)
Correct: The package has been delivered already.
Explanation (Bangla): âHas beenâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠past participle delivered āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He should have complete the task by now. (complete)
Correct: He should have completed the task by now.
Explanation (Bangla): Modal verb + have + Vâ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§; āϤāĻžāĻ completed āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: They might have go earlier. (go)
Correct: They might have gone earlier.
Explanation (Bangla): âMight haveâ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past participle gone āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She must have finish the report. (finish)
Correct: She must have finished the report.
Explanation (Bangla): Must have + Vâ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽā§ finished āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I saw a break chair in the storeroom. (break)
Correct: I saw a broken chair in the storeroom.
Explanation (Bangla): Vâ adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ noun āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§; āϤāĻžāĻ broken āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He looks tire after the long journey. (tire)
Correct: He looks tired after the long journey.
Explanation (Bangla): āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠tiredâVâ adjectiveâāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The damage bicycle was left on the road. (damage)
Correct: The damaged bicycle was left on the road.
Explanation (Bangla): Noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ Vâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ damaged āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: He said that he has leave the city. (leave)
Correct: He said that he had left the city.
Explanation (Bangla): Reported speech-āĻ present perfect â past perfect āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ left āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She told me she have finish the assignment. (finish)
Correct: She told me she had finished the assignment.
Explanation (Bangla): Reported speech-āĻ tense backshift āĻšā§ā§ had + Vâ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He got punish for breaking the rules. (punish)
Correct: He got punished for breaking the rules.
Explanation (Bangla): Get + Vâ passive āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§ā§; āϤāĻžāĻ punished āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The door got break during the storm. (break)
Correct: The door got broken during the storm.
Explanation (Bangla): Get āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻāϰ past participle broken āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Key Takeaways:
V3 (Past Participle) Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:
- Perfect Tense-āĻ (Have/has/had + V3)
- Passive Voice-āĻ (Be verb + V3)
- Modal Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠(Have + V3)
- Adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ (V3 as Modifier)
- Get-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠(Get + V3)
Rule 47:
Usages of Verbš+ing
Example:
Incorrect: She is sing (sing) a sweet melody.
Correct: She is singing a sweet melody.
Explanation (Bangla): Present continuous-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ ing āĻŦāϏā§; āϤāĻžāĻ singing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒāĨ¤
Incorrect: They were play (play) cricket in the field.
Correct: They were playing cricket in the field.
Explanation (Bangla): Past continuous tense-āĻ be verb + ing āϞāĻžāĻā§; āϤāĻžāĻ playing āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He will be watch (watch) a movie tonight.
Correct: He will be watching a movie tonight.
Explanation (Bangla): Future continuous-āĻ will be + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ watching āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: Swim (swim) is good for the heart.
Correct: Swimming is good for the heart.
Explanation (Bangla): Verb noun āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠gerund āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ swimming āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I enjoy (read) novels.
Correct: I enjoy reading novels.
Explanation (Bangla): Enjoy-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ ing āϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He is skilled at (paint).
Correct: He is skilled at painting.
Explanation (Bangla): Preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻ ing āĻŦāϏā§; āϤāĻžāĻ painting āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The (cry) baby needs rest.
Correct: The crying baby needs rest.
Explanation (Bangla): Noun āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠present participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ crying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: The wall needs (paint).
Correct: The wall needs painting.
Explanation (Bangla): Need/require + ing passive sense āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§; āϤāĻžāĻ painting āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The man(stand) near the gate is my uncle.
Correct: The man standing near the gate is my uncle.
Explanation (Bangla): Reduced relative clause-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ ing āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She suggested (go) to the library.
Correct: She suggested going to the library.
Explanation (Bangla): Suggest, avoid, admit, finish āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠ing āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Itâs no use (cry) over a small matter.
Correct: Itâs no use crying over a small matter.
Explanation (Bangla): âItâs no useâ-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠verb-āĻ ing āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She kept on (talk) for an hour.
Correct: She kept on talking for an hour.
Explanation (Bangla): āĻ āύā§āĻ phrasal verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠ing āĻŦāϏā§; āϤāĻžāĻ talking āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Incorrect: I bought a (wash) machine yesterday.
Correct: I bought a washing machine yesterday.
Explanation (Bangla): Compound noun āĻāĻ āύ⧠verb-āĻāϰ ing āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§; āϤāĻžāĻ washing machine āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Rule:49 Present Simple / Present Indefinite
āĻāĻ āύ (Structure):
Active: Subject + Vâ + extension â āĻāϰāĻŋ/āĻāϰā§/āĻāϰā§āύ/āĻāϰāĻŋāϏ/āĻāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§
Passive: Subject + am/is/are + Vâ + extension â āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Present Simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϤ (Adverbs that indicate Present Indefinite)
Sometimes â āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§
Normally â āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ
Generally â āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ
Usually â āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ
Regularly â āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āϤ
Occasionally â āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§
Often â āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§āĻ
Always â āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§
Daily â āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ
Everyday â āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ
Whenever â āϝāĻāύāĻ
Never â āĻāĻāύ⧠āύāĻž
On Sunday â āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰā§
In winter â āĻļā§āϤāĻāĻžāϞā§
All times â āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§
Frequently â āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ
āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ adverb āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Present Indefinite āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
NB 1: Subject āϝāĻĻāĻŋ third person singular (he, she, it, Samin, mother āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠s / es āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
NB 2: Verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠ch, sh, ss, x, o, z āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠es āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ
āύā§āϝ verb-āĻ āĻļā§āϧ⧠s āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
NB 3: Verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠consonant + y āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠y â ies āĻšāĻŦā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: cry â cries)āĨ¤
NB 4: ⧧⧍āĻāĻŋ tense-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ Present Indefinite tense-āĻ verb-āĻ s/es āϝā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He usually (walk) to the riverbank.
Correct: He usually walks to the riverbank.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠he third person singular, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠s āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She often (wash) her clothes on Fridays.
Correct: She often washes her clothes on Fridays.
Explanation: verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠sh āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ es āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The boy frequently (go) to coaching.
Correct: The boy frequently goes to coaching.
Explanation: go āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠o āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ es āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
Incorrect: It always (buzz) near the light.
Correct: It always buzzes near the light.
Explanation: verb buzz āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠z āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ es āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: My sister regularly (fix) the broken toys.
Correct: My sister regularly fixes the broken toys.
Explanation: verb fix āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠x āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ es āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The bird never (cry) at night.
Correct: The bird never cries at night.
Explanation: cry āϤ⧠consonant + y, āϤāĻžāĻ y â ies āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He sometimes (watch) the sunrise.
Correct: He sometimes watches the sunrise.
Explanation: verb-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠ch, āϤāĻžāĻ es āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She occasionally (kiss) her little niece.
Correct: She occasionally kisses her little niece.
Explanation: kiss āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠ss, āϤāĻžāĻ es āϝā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The student usually (read) newspapers in the morning.
Correct: The student usually reads newspapers in the morning.
Explanation: student third person singular, āϤāĻžāĻ reads āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Football daily (play) in this field.
Correct: Football daily is played in this field.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠subject football āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ passive form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ is played āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
 Rule :50 (Present Continuous Tense)
āĻāĻāύ, āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰā§āϤā§, āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύā§, day by dayâāĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ adverb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Present Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ
Active: Sub + am/is/are + vâ + ing + ext.
(āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āĻāĻŋ / āĻāϰāĻā§ / āĻāϰāĻā§āύ / āĻšāĻā§āĻā§)
Passive: Sub + am/is/are + being + vâ + ext.
(āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻā§)
āύā§āĻ
âĸ Singular subject â is
âĸ Plural subject â are
âĸ I â am
Example:
Incorrect: Now she [cook] dinner.
Correct: Now she is cooking dinner.
Explanation: Now āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ present continuous tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠is cooking āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: At this moment the boys [run] on the field.
Correct: At this moment the boys are running on the field.
Explanation: The boys plural subject āĻāĻŦāĻ at this moment continuous action āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ are running āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Currently he [repair] his bicycle.
Correct: Currently he is repairing his bicycle.
Explanation: Currently āĻāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ singular subject āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ is repairingāĨ¤
Incorrect: Right now they [discuss] the plan.
Correct: Right now they are discussing the plan.
Explanation: Right now āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻ plural subject āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ are discussing āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: At present the shop [open].
Correct: At present the shop is opening.
Explanation: At present ongoing action āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ singular subject, āϤāĻžāĻ is openingāĨ¤
Incorrect: Day by day the weather [change].
Correct: Day by day the weather is changing.
Explanation: āϧā§āϰ⧠āϧā§āϰ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠continuous tense āϞāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ is changingāĨ¤
Incorrect: Currently new rules [implement].
Correct: Currently new rules are being implemented.
Explanation: Passive voice āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ; plural subject + continuous passive â are being implementedāĨ¤
Incorrect: Right now the homework [check] by the teacher.
Correct: Right now the homework is being checked by the teacher.
Explanation: Passive voice; singular subject + continuous passive â is being checkedāĨ¤
Incorrect: At this moment the players [take] rest.
Correct: At this moment the players are taking rest.
Explanation: At this moment ongoing action; plural subject â are takingāĨ¤
Incorrect: Now the door [paint].
Correct: Now the door is being painted.
Explanation: āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ door-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ passive voice: is being paintedāĨ¤
Rule 51:Â Present PerfectÂ
Present Perfect tense āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§âāĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ, āĻāϤāĻŋāĻŽāϧā§āϝā§, āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ:
Active: Sub + have/has + Vâ + âĻ (āĻāϰāĻŋā§ā§āĻāĻŋ, āĻāϰā§āĻā§, āĻāϰ⧠āĻĢā§āϞā§āĻā§)
Passive: Sub + have/has been + Vâ + âĻ (āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§)
Have/has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ:
âĸ He / She / It / Samin / Bird / Girl â has
âĸ They / We / You / Boys / Birds / Girls â have
âĸ I â have (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ I āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻŦā§ have āĻšā§)
āϝ⧠signal word āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāϞ⧠Present Perfect āĻšā§:
just, already, yet, ever, lately, recently, so far, since, till now āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Have / has / had â āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž Vâ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect: He already (complete) the task.
Correct: He has already completed the task.
Explanation: SubjectāĻāĻŋ āϤā§āϤā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ (he) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠“already” āĻāĻā§, āϝāĻž Present Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻāĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ has + verb-āĻāϰ past participle (completed) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They recently (arrive) from Dhaka.
Correct: They have recently arrived from Dhaka.
Explanation: “Recently” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ Present Perfect Tense āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ Subject “they” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ have + arrived (Vâ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I just (finish) my homework.
Correct: I have just finished my homework.
Explanation: Subject “I” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ have āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ “just” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ Present Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏā§āĻāĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ have + finished āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: The letter just (deliver).
Correct: The letter has just been delivered.
Explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ passive voice āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋ āĻĄā§āϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ *āĻšā§ā§āĻā§*āĨ¤ Subject “the letter” āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ has been + delivered (verb-āĻāϰ past participle) āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She not (start) her journey yet.
Correct: She has not started her journey yet.
Explanation: “Yet” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ negative āĻŦāĻž interrogative āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠Present Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ Subject “she” āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ has not + started āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The project not (complete) yet.
Correct: The project has not been completed yet.
Explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ passive voice, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ *āĻšā§ā§āĻā§*āĨ¤ Subject “the project” āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ “yet” āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ has not been + completed āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: We ever (visit) that place.
Correct: We have ever visited that place.
Explanation: “Ever” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻŦāĻž āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠Present Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ Subject “we” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ have + visited āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: He lately (see) the doctor.
Correct: He has lately seen the doctor.
Explanation: “Lately” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ Present Perfect Tense āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ Subject “he” āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ has + seen (Vâ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They already (repair) the road.
Correct: They have already repaired the road.
Explanation: Subject “they” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠“already” āĻāĻā§, āϝāĻž Present Perfect Tense āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ have + repaired (Vâ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The window just (break).
Correct: The window has just been broken.
Explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ passive voice, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻž *āĻšā§ā§āĻā§*āĨ¤ Subject “the window” āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ “just” āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ has been + broken (verb-āĻāϰ past participle) āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Rule: 52 Present Perfect Continuous tense
āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻāϞāĻā§ â āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻ āĻā§āύā§āϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āϏāĻšāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
“āϏ⧠āĻĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŖā§āĻāĻž āϧāϰ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻā§” â āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ (āĻā§āϞāĻž) āĻ
āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻāϞāĻā§ â āĻāĻāĻžāĻ Present Perfect ContinuousāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§ āĻā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžā§:
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠“āϧāϰ⧔, “āĻĨā§āĻā§”, “āĻāϞāĻā§” āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻ
āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ āĻā§āύā§āϏ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Present Perfect Continuous tense āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§: Subject + have/has + been + verbš-ing
āĻāĻ tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ āϝāĻāύâ
āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻā§, āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāϞāĻā§āĨ¤
For āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ (period of time) āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āϝā§āĻŽāύ: for two hours, for a long time
Since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āϏā§āĻāύāĻž (point of time) āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āϝā§āĻŽāύ: since morning, since Sunday, since 2010
 āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ:
For/Since-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāϞāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ Present Perfect Continuous āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect: They (practice) songs since sunrise.
Correct: They have been practicing songs since sunrise.
Explanation: Since āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ (sunrise) āϏā§āĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻāϞāĻā§, āϝāĻž Present Perfect Continuous Tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ have been + verb-ing (practicing) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She (study) for three hours.
Correct: She has been studying for three hours.
Explanation: For + āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ (three hours) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ Present Perfect Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ Subject (she) āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ has been + verb-ing (studying) āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect: We (wait) for the bus for a long time.
Correct: We have been waiting for the bus for a long time.
Explanation: For + āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ (a long time) āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠Present Perfect Continuous Tense āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝāĨ¤ Subject “we” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ have been + verb-ing (waiting) āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: He (work) here since 2020.
Correct: He has been working here since 2020.
Explanation: Since āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§ (2020) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϝāĻž āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ has been + verb-ing (working) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: I (try) to call you for half an hour.
Correct: I have been trying to call you for half an hour.
Explanation: For + āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ (half an hour) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ Present Perfect Continuous Tense āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ Subject “I” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠have been + verb-ing (trying) āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The baby (cry) since evening.
Correct: The baby has been crying since evening.
Explanation: Since āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ (evening) āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻāϞāĻā§āĨ¤ Subject “the baby” āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ has been + verb-ing (crying) āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They (build) the house for several months.
Correct: They have been building the house for several months.
Explanation: For + āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ (several months) āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ Subject “they” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ have been + verb-ing (building) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Samin (look) for her keys since morning.
Correct: Samin has been looking for her keys since morning.
Explanation: Since morning āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤ Subject “Samin” āϤā§āϤā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ has been + verb-ing (looking) āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
Incorrect: We (discuss) the plan for an hour.
Correct: We have been discussing the plan for an hour.
Explanation: For an hour āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āϰā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ Subject “we” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ have been + verb-ing (discussing) āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: It (rain) for the last two hours.
Correct: It has been raining for the last two hours.
Explanation: For the last two hours āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻļāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻāϞāĻā§āĨ¤ Subject “it” āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ has been + verb-ing (raining) āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āύāĨ¤
Rule 53: Past Simple / Indefinite Tense
āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻļā§āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϏā§āĻāĻŋ Past Indefinite Tense āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ adverb āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāϞā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ Past Indefinite āĻšāĻŦā§â
yesterday, ago, before, once, last week/month/year, long time ago, once upon a time, āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻŦāĻāϰ/āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ Past Indefinite āĻšā§āĨ¤
Structure Active: Sub + V2 + ext
Passive: Sub + was/were + V3 + ext
Singular subject: he, she, it, I, boy, book â was
Plural subject: they, you, we, boys, books â were
Example:
Correct sentence: I visited my uncle yesterday.
Explanation: yesterday āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ past indefinite āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ V2 form visited āĻŦāϏā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb (She go to school last week.)
Correct sentence: She went to school last week.
Explanation: last week āĻ āϤā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§, āϤāĻžāĻ V2 went āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb (They meet me two days ago.)
Correct sentence: They met me two days ago.
Explanation: ago āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ past indefinite āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ meet â met āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb (The letter reach before noon.)
Correct sentence: The letter reached before noon.
Explanation: before āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ verb-āĻāϰ V2 reached āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (Once he tell me a secret.)
Correct sentence: Once he told me a secret.
Explanation: once āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ tell â told āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb (The story begin long time ago.)
Correct sentence: The story began long time ago.
Explanation: long time ago āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ past tense āĻšāĻŦā§, begin â beganāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (In 1990 our school open.)
Correct sentence: In 1990 our school was opened.
Explanation: āĻ āϤā§āϤ āϏāĻžāϞ + passive āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ, āϤāĻžāĻ was + V3 = was opened āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb (Yesterday the players practice hard.)
Correct sentence: Yesterday the players practiced hard.
Explanation: yesterday āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ V2 practiced āĻŦāϏā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb (The old man live here once upon a time.)
Correct sentence: The old man lived here once upon a time.
Explanation: once upon a time āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻ live â lived āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb (My bicycle repair last month.)
Correct sentence: My bicycle was repaired last month.
Explanation: last month + passive sense, āϤāĻžāĻ was + V3 = was repairedāĨ¤
Rule 54: Past Continuous Tense (Right Form of Verb)
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞâāĻāĻŽāύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ/continuous āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧâāϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠Past Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ:
- Active â Sub + was/were + v1+ing + ext (āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ/āĻāĻŋāϞ/āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ/āĻāĻŋāϞā§/āĻāĻŋāϞā§)
- Passive â Sub + was/were + being + v3 + ext (āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞ)
NB:
- Singular subject â was
- Plural subject â were
āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻž past continuous tense āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect: He said that he (run) to the station.
Correct: He said that he was running to the station.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ was + running āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They told me that the baby (cry) loudly.
Correct: They told me that the baby was crying loudly.
Explanation: āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋ āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāĻāĻŋāϞâāĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠was crying āϞāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The teacher mentioned that we (prepare) for the exam.
Correct: The teacher mentioned that we were preparing for the exam.
Explanation: we plural subject, āϤāĻžāĻ were preparing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ past continuous formāĨ¤
Incorrect: It (rain) heavily last night.
Correct: It was raining heavily last night.
Explanation: āĻāϤāϰāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ was raining āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: She said she (read) a novel when I called.
Correct: She said she was reading a novel when I called.
Explanation: āĻĢā§āύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧠āĻĒā§āĻāĻŋāϞâāĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻâāϤāĻžāĻ was readingāĨ¤
Incorrect: The boys (shout) loudly when the power went out.
Correct: The boys were shouting loudly when the power went out.
Explanation: power āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ were shoutingāĨ¤
Incorrect: He (drive) the car when the accident occurred.
Correct: He was driving the car when the accident occurred.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āϏ⧠āĻāĻžā§āĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ was drivingāĨ¤
Incorrect: The wind (blow) strongly in the evening.
Correct: The wind was blowing strongly in the evening.
Explanation: āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻāĻāĻŋāϞâāĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻâāϤāĻžāĻ was blowingāĨ¤
Incorrect: The children (play) outside when it started to rain.
Correct: The children were playing outside when it started to rain.
Explanation: āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻā§āϞāĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ were playingāĨ¤
Incorrect: She (cook) when her friend arrived.
Correct: She was cooking when her friend arrived.
Explanation: āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāύā§āϧāĻŦā§ āĻāϏāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āϏ⧠āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāĻāĻŋāϞâāĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻâāϤāĻžāĻ was cookingāĨ¤Â
 Rule :55: Past Perfect Tense
āĻĒāĻžāϏā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āύā§āϏ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āϝāĻž āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻā§ “āĻ āϤā§āϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻžāϞ” āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āϏāĻšāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
“āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏ⧠āĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤”
(āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻžāĻ, āĻāϰ āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
āĻā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ:
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠“āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ”, “āĻāĻŋāϞ⧔, “āĻāĻŋāϞ”, “āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ” āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž “āĻāϏā§āĻāĻŋāϞ”, “āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞ”, “āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞ” āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻāĻž āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§, āϏā§āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒāĻžāϏā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āύā§āϏ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
When two past actions occur, one before the other, thenâ
After-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠â Past Perfect (had + Vâ)
Before-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ â Past Perfect (had + Vâ)
āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§â
AfterâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āϏā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Past Perfect āĻšā§āĨ¤
BeforeâāĻāϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āϏā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļā§ Past Perfect āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ
Active: Sub + had + Vâ
Passive: Sub + had been + Vâ
Example:
Incorrect: After he (finish) the task, he left the room.
Correct: After he had finished the task, he left the room.
Explanation: After-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠had + verb-āĻāϰ past participle (Vâ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠“finish” āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ “leave” āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
Incorrect: After the guests (arrive), we served dinner.
Correct: After the guests had arrived, we served dinner.
Explanation: āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϏāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ Past Perfect (had + arrived) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: After the storm (stop), people went outside.
Correct: After the storm had stopped, people went outside.
Explanation: āĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ Past Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ had stopped āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: After the teacher (check) the papers, she returned them.
Correct: After the teacher had checked the papers, she returned them.
Explanation: āϝā§āĻšā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϰ, āϤāĻžāĻ Past Perfect (had checked) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Before the sun (rise), the farmers started working.
Correct: Before the sun had risen, the farmers started working.
Explanation: Before-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§, āϏā§āĻāĻž Past Perfect āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏā§āϰā§āϝ āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Before the train (leave), we reached the station.
Correct: Before the train had left, we reached the station.
Explanation: āĻā§āϰā§āύ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ had left āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Before she (cook) breakfast, her children woke up.
Correct: Before she had cooked breakfast, her children woke up.
Explanation: āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ Past Perfect (had cooked) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Before the program (begin), many viewers logged in.
Correct: Before the program had begun, many viewers logged in.
Explanation: āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāĻ had begun āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: After the lights (go) out, everyone screamed.
Correct: After the lights had gone out, everyone screamed.
Explanation: āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϰ, āϤāĻžāĻ Past Perfect Tense-āĻ had gone out āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Before the doctor (arrive), the patient recovered slightly.
Correct: Before the doctor had arrived, the patient recovered slightly.
Explanation: āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϏāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ Past Perfect (had arrived) āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
Rule 56: Past Perfect Continuous TenseÂ
For āĻāĻŦāĻ sinceâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āύā§āĻāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠Past Perfect Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Structure:
Active: Subject āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§ + had āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§ + been āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§ + v1 + ing āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§
Meaning: āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āĻāĻŋāϞ / āĻāϰ⧠āĻāϏāĻāĻŋāϞ / āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞ
For = āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŽā§ā§āĻžāĻĻ (for two hours, for ten years)
Since = āĻļā§āϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ (since morning, since 2010)
Example:
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: He wait for her since noon yesterday.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: He had been waiting for her since noon yesterday.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž:  āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ Present Form (wait) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠Tense-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āύ āύā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻāϰ⧠since noon yesterday (āĻāϤāĻāĻžāϞ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â
– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: since + āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§ (yesterday noon) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ Past Perfect Continuous Tense-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āύ Subject + had been + verb-ing āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠had been waiting āϞāĻŋāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: It rain since early morning last Friday.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: It had been raining since early morning last Friday.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž:  āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: rain āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ Base Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠since early morning last Friday (āĻāϤ āĻļā§āĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§) āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤Â
– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ (since āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ Past Perfect Continuous Tense-āĻ had been raining āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: The team practice for three hours before the match.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: The team had been practicing for three hours before the match.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž:  āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: practice āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋ Simple Present Form, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠for three hours before the match āĻŦāϞāĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻāĻŖā§āĻāĻž āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â
– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: for + āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŽā§ā§āĻžāĻĻ (three hours) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ (match) āĻāĻā§ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ had been + practicing (verb-ing) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: She cook for a long time when I arrived.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: She had been cooking for a long time when I arrived.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: cook āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋ Tense-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤ when I arrived (āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻāύ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāϞāĻžāĻŽ) â āĻāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰā§āϤ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠had been cooking āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ for a long time āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŽā§ā§āĻžāĻĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: The farmers work since sunrise that day.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: The farmers had been working since sunrise that day.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: work āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ Simple Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠since sunrise (āϏā§āϰā§āϝā§āĻĻā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: since + āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ Past Perfect Continuous-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ āύ had been working āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: The baby cry for several minutes before her mother came.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: The baby had been crying for several minutes before her mother came.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: cry āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋ Tense-less Form-āĻ āϰā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ before her mother came (āĻŽāĻž āĻāϏāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§) āĻāĻŦāĻ for several minutes (āĻā§ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ āϧāϰā§) āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻā§ āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§āύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â
– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ (mother came) āĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ had been crying āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: I study since evening when the lights went out.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: I had been studying since evening when the lights went out.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: study āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ Base Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠since evening (āϏāύā§āϧā§āϝāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§) āĻāĻŦāĻ when the lights went out (āϞāĻžāĻāĻ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϞā§) āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â
– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ (since āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§ā§ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻāύāĻž (lights went out) āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠had been studying āϞā§āĻāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: They walk for over an hour before they rested.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: They had been walking for over an hour before they rested.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: walk āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋ Tense-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϤāĨ¤ for over an hour (āĻāĻ āĻāĻŖā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§) āĻāĻŦāĻ before they rested (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āύā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§) āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰ⧠āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: for + āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŽā§ā§āĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠had been walking āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āύāĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: The members argue since the meeting started.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: The members had been arguing since the meeting started.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž:  āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: argue āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ Simple Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠since the meeting started (āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āϝ⧠āϤāϰā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â
– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: since + āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻž (meeting started) āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ Past Perfect Continuous Tense-āĻ had been arguing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: She sleep for many hours when the alarm rang.Â
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ: She had been sleeping for many hours when the alarm rang.Â
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž:  āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: sleep āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻŋ Base Form-āĻ āĻāĻā§, āϝāĻž Tense āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ for many hours (āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻāĻŖā§āĻāĻž āϧāϰā§) āĻāĻŦāĻ when the alarm rang (āĻ ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāϰā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§) āĻĻā§āĻāĻžā§ āϝ⧠āĻā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â
– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰā§āϤ (alarm rang) āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠had been sleeping āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ Tense āĻāĻ āύāĨ¤
Rule 57: Future IndefiniteÂ
āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠future indefinite tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ:
Active: Sub + shall/will + v1 + ext. (āĻāϰāĻŦā§/āĻŦā§/āĻŦāĻž/āĻŦāĻŋ)
Passive: Sub + shall/will + be + v3 + ext. (āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§)
- I/we āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠shall, āĻ āύā§āϝ āϏāĻŦ subject āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠will āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- Future āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ adverb āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ: tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in future, next time āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect: I (meet) you tomorrow. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠meetāĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ meet āĻā§Â will/shall meet āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â tomorrowāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct: I shall meet you tomorrow.
Explanation :āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ subject I, āϤāĻžāĻ shall + v1 āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They (start) the project next week. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠start āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ start āĻā§Â will/shall start āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠next weekāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct: They will start the project next week.
Explanation: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ ânext weekâ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will + v1 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: This building (repair) next year. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠repair āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ repair āĻā§Â will/shall be repaired āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â next year āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct: This building will be repaired next year.
Explanation: Passive voice, āϤāĻžāĻ will be + v3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: Samin (visit) her uncle tomorrow. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠visit āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ visit āĻā§Â will/shall visit āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â tomorrow āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct: Samin will visit her uncle tomorrow.
Explanation :āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻâsubject third personâāϤāĻžāĻ will + v1āĨ¤
Incorrect A new bridge (construct) next month.
Correct A new bridge will be constructed next month.
Explanation Passive structureâwill be + v3 āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύāĨ¤
Incorrect We (go) to Dhaka next morning.
Correct We shall go to Dhaka next morning.
Explanation Subject weâāϤāĻžāĻ shall + v1 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect The students (attend) a seminar next Friday.
Correct The students will attend a seminar next Friday.
Explanation âNext Fridayâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will + v1āĨ¤
Incorrect The meeting (hold) tomorrow evening.
Correct The meeting will be held tomorrow evening.
Explanation Passiveâwill be + v3 āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĢāϰā§āĻŽāĨ¤
Incorrect She (buy) a new laptop next month.
Correct She will buy a new laptop next month.
Explanation āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ will + v1āĨ¤
Incorrect In future, people (use) more electric cars.
Correct In future, people will use more electric cars.
Explanation âIn futureâ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ future markerâāϤāĻžāĻ will + v1āĨ¤
Rule 58: Future Continuous /Future Progressive
āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§, āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠future continuous tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Structure (āĻāĻ āύ):
Active: Sub + shall/will + be + V1 + Ing + object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤- (āĻāϰāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻŦ / āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ / āĻāϰāĻŦā§ / āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§)
Passive: Sub + shall/will + be + being + V3 + by+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤-(āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻŦā§)
Use of Shall/Will
- I / We â āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ shall āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
- āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ subject â will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Future Continuous āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§â
- āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§
- āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞā§
Example:
Incorrect verb: She (prepare) lessons at this time tomorrow. āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â prepare āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ prepare āĻā§Â will be preparing āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â prepare āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: will be preparing
Explanation: âat this time tomorrowâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ future continuous āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠will be preparing āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb: They (travel) to Dhaka next evening.āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â travel āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ travel āĻā§Â will be travelingāĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: will be traveling
Explanation: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will be traveling āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb: I (work) on the project next week.āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠work āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ work āĻā§Â will be working āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â work āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: shall be working
Explanation: subject âIâ āĻšāϞ⧠future continuous-āĻ shall be working āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb: The students (practice) for the debate tomorrow afternoon.
Correct verb: will be practicing
Explanation: âtomorrow afternoonâ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will be practicing āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb: Samin (drive) to Chattogram this time next day. āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â drive āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ drive āĻā§Â will be driving āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â drive āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: will be driving
Explanation: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will be driving āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect verb: We (discuss) the plan in the meeting next morning. āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â discuss āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ discuss āĻā§Â will/shall be discussing āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: shall be discussing
Explanation: subject âweââfuture continuous-āĻ shall be discussing āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb: The children (play) in the garden in the evening tomorrow. āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â play āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ play āĻā§Â will be playing āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: will be playing
Explanation: âin the evening tomorrowâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will be playing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb: He (write) his report at this moment tomorrow. āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â write āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ write āĻā§Â will be writing āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â write āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: will be writing
Explanation: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will be writing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤
Incorrect verb: The workers (repair) the road whole day next Friday. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠repair āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ repair āĻā§Â will be repair āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: will be repairing
Explanation: āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻŦā§âāϤāĻžāĻ will be repairing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect verb: You (wait) for the bus at this spot tomorrow morning. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠wait āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ wait āĻā§Â will be waiting āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ˛Â āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Correct verb: will be waiting
Explanation: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ ongoing action āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠will be waiting āĻšā§āĨ¤
Rule 59: Future Perfect Tense
ByâāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: by tomorrow, by next week, by 2030, by evening), āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Future Perfect Tense āĻšā§āĨ¤
Structure:
 Active: Subject + shall/will + have + V3+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§. āĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšā§ā§ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§)
Passive: Subject + shall/will + have + been + V3 +by +object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§. (āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšā§ā§ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§âāĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āϧāĻžāĻāĻā§)
Note:
- I / We â shall/will āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§
- āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋ Subject â will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§
- Have/has/had + V3 āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§ā§
Example:
Incorrect: She complete the design by next week. (complete). āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠complete āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ complete āĻā§Â will have completed āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: She will have completed the design by next week.
Explanation: âBy next weekâ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will have completed āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: They repair the bridge by 2026. (repair)-āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â repair āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ repair āĻā§Â will have repaired āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: They will have repaired the bridge by 2026.
Explanation: āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§ŦâāĻāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ future perfect āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
Incorrect: We prepare the file by evening. (prepare)- āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠prepare āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ prepare āĻā§Â will have prepared āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: We will have prepared the file by evening.
Explanation: âBy eveningâ future perfect āĻāĻ āύ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāϰā§âwill have + V3āĨ¤
Incorrect: The team win the match by the time you arrive. (win)-āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â win āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ win āĻā§Â will have win āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: The team will have won the match by the time you arrive.
Explanation: āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻāϰā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ future perfectāĨ¤
Incorrect: The documents check by next Monday. (check)-āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â cheek āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ cheek āĻā§Â will have cheeked āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: The documents will have been checked by next Monday.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻŋ passive ideaâāĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will have been checkedāĨ¤
Incorrect: Samin write the article by tonight. (write)-āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â write āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ write āĻā§Â will have written āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: Samin will have written the article by tonight.
Explanation: âBy tonightâ future perfect tense āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Incorrect: The guests leave by the time we return. (leave)-āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â leave āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ leave āĻā§Â will have left āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: The guests will have left by the time we return.
Explanation: āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĢā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāĻŦā§âfuture perfect āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Incorrect: The room clean by morning. (clean)-āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠clean āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ clean āĻā§Â will have cleaned āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: The room will have been cleaned by morning.
Explanation: Passive construction + by morning â will have been cleanedāĨ¤
Incorrect: You finish your assignment by next class. (finish)-āĻāĻāĻžāύā§Â finish āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ finish āĻā§Â will have finished āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect āĻāĨ¤
Correct: You will have finished your assignment by next class.
Explanation: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ future perfectāĨ¤
Rule 60:Â Future Perfect Continuous TenseÂ
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠Future Perfect Continuous tense āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āύ (Structure): Active: Sub + shall/will + have been + V1+ing + object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§Â = āĻāϰāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻŦ / āĻāϰāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ / āĻāϰ⧠āĻāϏāĻŋāϤā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Shall / Will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ
- I āĻāĻŦāĻ we āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠â shall / will â āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§
- āĻ āύā§āϝ āϏāĻŦ subject āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠â will āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āϝā§āϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§
- for + period of time â for two hours, for six months . For āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â  āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžÂ + āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϏ⧠āĨ¤Â
- since + point of time â since morning, since 2020 . Since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§Â  āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžÂ āĻāĻžā§āĻžÂ + āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϏ⧠āĨ¤
- Passive voice āĻšā§ āύāĻž āĻāĻ tenseâāĻāĨ¤
Example:
Incorrect verb (wait): I wait for three hours by the time you arrive.
Correct: I will have been waiting for three hours by the time you arrive.
Explanation: āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§âāϤāĻžāĻ will have been + V1-ing āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (study): She study since early morning when her exam starts. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠study āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ study āĻā§Â will have been studying āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤
Correct: She will have been studying since early morning when her exam starts.
Explanation: āϏāĻāĻžāϞ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻž āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ, āϤāĻžāĻ future perfect continuousāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (work) :They work for five years before the project ends. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠work āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ work āĻā§Â will have been working āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤
Correct: They will have been working for five years before the project ends.
Explanation: āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻāϰ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§âāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ â future perfect continuousāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (train): The players train for two hours before the match begins. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠train āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ train āĻā§Â will have been trainingāĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤
Correct: The players will have been training for two hours before the match begins.
Explanation: āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϞāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will have been + V1ingāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (sleep): He sleep since midnight when you call him.
Correct: He will have been sleeping since midnight when you call him.
Explanation: āĻŽāϧā§āϝāϰāĻžāϤ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŽ āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ future perfect continuousāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (rain): It rain for several days by next week. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠rain āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ raināĻā§Â will have been raining āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤
Correct: It will have been raining for several days by next week.
Explanation: āĻā§ā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ â future perfect continuousāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (travel) :We travel for eight hours when the bus reaches Dhaka. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠travel āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ travel āĻā§Â will have been traveling āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤
Correct: We will have been traveling for eight hours when the bus reaches Dhaka.
Explanation: āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϞāĻŦā§, āϤāĻžāĻ will have been + ingāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (cook): Mother cook since morning when guests arrive.āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠cook āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ cook āĻā§Â will have been cooking āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤
Correct: Mother will have been cooking since morning when guests arrive.
Explanation: āϏāĻāĻžāϞ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋ āĻāϏāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤâfuture perfect continuousāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (read): The boys read for three hours by the time the teacher comes. āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠read āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ read āĻā§Â will have been reading āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤
Correct: The boys will have been reading for three hours by the time the teacher comes.
Explanation: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĒā§āĻž āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§âāϤāĻžāĻ will have been +vš ingāĨ¤
Incorrect verb (practice): Samin practice since afternoon when the program starts .āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠practice āĻšāϞ⧠incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ practice āĻā§Â will have been practicing āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠verb āĻšāĻŦā§ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤
Correct: Samin will have been practicing since afternoon when the program starts.
Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ āύā§āĻļā§āϞāύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻŦā§ â future perfect continuousāĨ¤