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Completing Sentence

Completing Sentence,Completing sentence rules

Completing Sentence Definition

Completing Sentence āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ incomplete (āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ) āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϕ⧇ complete (āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ) āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

  1. Simple,Complex and Compound Sentence āĻ•āĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇, āĻāχ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ Sentence āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  2. Clause, Principal clause,Subordinate Clause and coordinate clause āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  3. Phrase āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ Infinitive, Participle and gerund Phrase āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϧāĻžāϰāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence āĻāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ Rules āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤

Completing Sentence(1) Lest āϤāĻž āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇/āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ …… āύāĻž

āĻ—āĻ āύ: Subject+should/might+verb1+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ Old English āĻ Should āωāĻšā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

  • She wore a coat  lest she should catch a cold.
    āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧋āϟ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āύāĻž āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤

  • I will study hard, lest I should fail the exam.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĢ⧇āϞ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤

  • He left early lest he should miss the train.
    āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϚāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

  • I will lock the door lest someone should enter.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻāϰāϜāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϕ⧇āω āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĸ⧁āϕ⧇āĨ¤

  • She spoke softly lest she should disturb the others.
    āϏ⧇ āύāϰāĻŽ āĻ—āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

  • He made no noise, lest the baby should wake up.
    āϏ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϟāĻŋ āύāĻž āϜāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤

  • We left early lest we should miss the beginning of the class.
  • The teacher warned the students to study hard  lest they should fail the exam.
  • We must study more lest we should fail in the examination.
  • Walk fast lest you should miss the bus. 

  āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ  lest āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ subordinting conjunction āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϤāĻž āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇/āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ ……āύāĻž āĨ¤ Lest āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ not āĻŦāϏ⧇āύāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ lest āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ negative āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĨ¤

Completing Sentence ( 2) Would that 

 
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻƒÂ  āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ (āϚāĻžāχāϤāĻžāĻŽ/āϚāĻžāχāϤ⧋ / āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ)

āĻ—āĻ āύ:  Subject + could + v1+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ (āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϟāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ)

āĻ—āĻ āύ:  Subject + had + v3+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤Â 

Example:  

  •  Would that I could visit you more often.
  • āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āφāϰ⧋ āĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • Would that I could study harder for the exam.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχāϤāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāϰ⧋ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • Would that she could never make that mistake.
  • āϏ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāϤ⧋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϏ⧇āχ āϭ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤
  • Would that we could see each other more often.
  • āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāχāϤāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāϕ⧇ āφāϰ⧋ āĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  •  would that he  could tell her the truth earlier.
  • āϏ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāϤ⧋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāϟāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧋āĨ¤
  • Would that I could understand what you were saying.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχāϤāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • Would that she had come to the party last night.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχāϤāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āĻ—āϤ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāϏāϤāĨ¤
  • Would that I could turn back time and fix my mistakes.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχāϤāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϤāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϭ⧁āϞāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • Would that he could have joined us for dinner.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχāϤāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤
  • He is a bright student. Would that he could get a good job.
  • I am a hard worker. Would that  I could succeed in life.
  • Woud that he had lived to see my success.

Completing Sentence ( 3) Soâ€Ļâ€Ļthat

 

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻƒÂ āĻāϤ⧋………. āϝ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻž/āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻž āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ: sub+can/could+(not)+verb1+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤(āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϟāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ)

āĻ—āĻ āύ: sub+verb2+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤Â 

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–āσ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Clause āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Present tense āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause āĻ can+verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Clause āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Past tense āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause āĻ could+verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

  • She was so tired that she went to bed early.
    āϏ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

  • The book was so difficult that I could not understand it.
    āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āĻāϤ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤

  • The weather was so hot that we stayed indoors.
    āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāϤ āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϘāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϰāχāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

  • The test was so easy that everyone passed.
    āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻāϤ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

  • The cake was so delicious that it was finished in minutes.
    āϕ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻāϤ āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧁ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ• āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āχ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤

  • He was so busy that he couldn’t attend the meeting.
    āϏ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻ­āĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤

  • The child was so naughty that he broke the vase.
    āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻāϤ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āϝāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϞāĻĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

  • The music was so loud that I had to leave the room.
    āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϤāϟāĻŋ āĻāϤ āĻœā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϰ⧁āĻŽ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

  • The news was so surprising that everyone was shocked.
    āĻ–āĻŦāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻāϤ āϚāĻŽāĻ•āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻšāϤāĻŦāĻžāĻ• āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

    āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–āĻƒÂ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĻŦā§‹āϧ⧇ “that” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ can, could, shall, should, do, does, did +not āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence ( 4) Tooâ€Ļâ€Ļâ€Ļto

 

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻƒÂ āĻāϤ⧋ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻž/āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â 

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ Verb1+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

Example:

  • I work so hard that I can not take rest.
  • He is so weak that he can not work hard.
  • He was so young that he could not climb tall tree.
  • I am so tired that I can not say a single word.
  • The box was too heavy for me to lift.
    āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡Â  āĻāϤ āĻ­āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤
  • The problem was too difficult for me to solve.
    āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡Â  āĻāĻ¤Â  āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛Â  āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤

  • He is too busy to help us.
    āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

  • The movie was too boring for us to watch.
    āϚāϞāĻšā§āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤

  • The book was too thick to finish in one day.
    āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŽā§‹āϟāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • The box was too heavy for me to carry it.
  • The old man was too feeble to speak a single word.
  • The horse was too fast for me to run after it.
  • The sky was too cloudy for us to go out.

Completing Sentence (5) So that/in order that

 

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāσ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇/ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĨ¤

 āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–āσ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Clause āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Present tense āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause āĻ can+verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Clause āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Past tense āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause āĻ could+verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–āσ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž “so that” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “in order that” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ (purpose) āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž (can,could , will, would ,may,might āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ “So that” āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “in order that” āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāĻ—āϤ (formal)āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ:   Subject+Can/could+v1+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

Example:

  • She reads more so that she can get A+.
  • She read more so that she could get A+
  • I save money in order that I can buy good food.
  • I will bring an umbrella so that we can avoid rain.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāϤāĻž āφāύāĻŦ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ†ā§œāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
  • He left early so that he could catch the train.
    āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϚāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āϧāϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • They saved money so that they could buy a new car.
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϏāĻžā§āϚāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • We woke up early so that we could reach on time.
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
  • He apologized so that she would forgive him.
    āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • They installed lights so that the street could be brighter at night.
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āφāϞ⧋ āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āφāϰ⧋ āωāĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • She worked overtime so that she could finish the project on time.
    āϏ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (6) Verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž  āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ: To + verb 1+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

 āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–āσ āχāύāĻĢāĻŋāύāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ­ (Infinitives) āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϝāĻž āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ “to” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ To + verb 1 āϕ⧇ infinitive āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ infinitive āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ (NOUN), āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ (ADVERB)āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ(ADJECTIVE) āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Example: 

  • She reads more to  get A+.
  • She read more to get A+.
  • I save money to buy good food.
  • She studied hard to pass the exam.
    āϏ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • I went to the store to buy some groceries.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰ⧀ āĻ•āĻŋāύāϤ⧇ āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • He saved money to travel the world.
    āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϏāĻžā§āϚāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
  • They are working overtime to finish the project on time.
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
  • She practiced every day to improve her skills.
    āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • We need to hurry to get the bus.
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ› āϧāϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • He is studying law to become a lawyer.
    āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāχāύ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāχāύāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĨ¤
  • I called him to ask for help.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĢā§‹āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • They moved to the city to find better job opportunities.
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āϖ⧁āρāϜāϤ⧇ āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • She woke up early to attend the meeting.
    āϏ⧇ āϏāĻ­āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āωāϠ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Completing Sentence (7) It is time/it is high time

 
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāσ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ  āĻāĻ–āύāχ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ subject+verb 2+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤Â 

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–āσ“It is time” āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ phrase  āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻ¨Â  āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ āĻāĻ–āύāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

  • The sky is very cloudy. It is time we went home.
  • You are very sick. It is time you saw a doctor.
  • It is time  you started studying for the exam.
  • āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
  • It is time  we left for the airport.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāχāĨ¤
  • It is time  she apologized for her behavior.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϚāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§‹āĻ•āĨ¤
  • It is time  they fixed the broken chair.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻž āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧁āĻ•āĨ¤
  • It is time  I told you the truth.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāĻŋāĨ¤
  • It is time  we made a decision about the project.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāχāĨ¤
  • It is time  he cleaned his room.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰ⧁āĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āĻ•āĨ¤
  • It is time  they paid more attention to their health.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϰ⧋ āĻŽāύ⧋āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€ āĻšā§‹āĻ•āĨ¤
  • It is time  we organized the event.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āχāϭ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟāϟāĻŋ āφāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
  • It is time  you took responsibility for your actions.
    āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤

NB: It is time/it is high time āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â  THAT conjunction āϟāĻŋ āϊāĻšā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (8) It is time to/It is high time to

 
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāσ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĻ°Â  āĻāĻ–āύāχ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ Verb š + object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

  1. The sky is very cloudy. It is time to go home.
  2. You are very sick. It is time to  see a doctor.

Completing Sentence (9) wish/fancy āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ 1: Sub +verb 2+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ ( āϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇)

āĻ—āĻ āύ 2:Sub +would/could+verb 1+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤( āϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇)

āĻ—āĻ āύ 3: Sub+were+noun/adjective.( āϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇)

Example:

  • I wish I got A+
  • I wish  I could get A+
  • I wish I would get A+
  • I wish I were a bird.
  • I wish I were a child again.
  • I wish I were a king.
  • I wish she would come to the party.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāϏ⧁āĻ•āĨ¤
  • I wish  he could stop arguing.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ—āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧁āĻ•āĨ¤
  • I wish  we could travel together.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • I wish  you were there to help me.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āĨ¤
  • I wish  it would stop snowing.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āϤ⧁āώāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻĨ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
  • I wish  I took the earlier flight.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻĢā§āϞāĻžāχāϟāϟāĻŋ āϧāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

NB: Wish/Fancy āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â  THAT conjunction āϟāĻŋ āϊāĻšā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (10) As if/ As though āϝ⧇āύ /Since āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ: sub+verb1+ex  ⌈as if/asthough /since⌉ Sub+verb 2+ex.

āĻ—āĻ āύ: Sub+verb2+ex⌈as if/asthough /since⌉  sub+had+verb3+ex(pastperfect)

NB: as if/ as though āĻ“ since āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause present āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ clause past āĻāĻ°Â  āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ past āĻāϰ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ clause past( perfect) āĻāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĨ¤

Example:

  1. He proceeds as if he knew everything.    
  2. He behaves as though he were mad.      
  3. Samin talks as if she killed a tiger.            
  4. My teacher behaves as though he were a scientist.          
  5. He put water on his cloth to make it look  as if  he had sweat .         
  6. It is long since we met last.         
  7. It was long since we had met last.

Completing Sentence (10 A)  Since āϝāĻ–āύ/

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāσ Since (āϝāĻ–āύ) āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ 

  1. āĻ—āĻ āύ: sub+verb1+ex  ⌈since⌉ Sub+verb 2+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

    āĻ—āĻ āύ: Sub+verb2+ex⌈since⌉  sub+had+verb3+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤(pastperfect)

    āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹:  since āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause present āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ clause past āĻāĻ°Â  āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause past āĻāϰ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ clause past( perfect) āĻāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ

  • Since āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ “āϝāĻ–āύ“āĨ¤
  •  Since āϝāĻ–āύ Sentence āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇ Since āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ “āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁” āĨ¤
  •  Since-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ noun/noun phrase āĻšāϞ⧇ Present perfect continuous tense-āĻ “since”-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ “āĻšāϤ⧇/āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇” āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ “since” āĻšā§Ÿ “preposition”āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: It has been raining since morning.

Example:

  • Since I was feeling tired, I decided to rest for a while. (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)
  • Since we moved to a new house, we haven’t seen our old neighbors. (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤)
  • She has been very kind since we met for the first time. (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ, āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  • Since he joined the team, they have won every match. (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇ āĻĻāϞ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϚ āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  • Since I started studying regularly, my grades have improved. (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ, āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĄ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
  • Since the meeting was canceled, I decided to go home early. (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āĻŦ⧈āĻ āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)
  • It is twenty years since Salim helped Sara last. (āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϝāĻ–āĻ¨Â  āϏ⧇āϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ›āĻžāϰāĻž āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
  • It has passed twenty years since Salim  saw Sara last. (āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϝāĻ–āĻ¨Â  āϏ⧇āϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ›āĻžāϰāĻž āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
  • It was twenty years since he had seen Sara last. (āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϝāĻ–āĻ¨Â  āϏ⧇āϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ›āĻžāϰāĻž āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤) 

.

Completing Sentence (11) Zero conditional āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ¨ā§āϤāύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ / āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ /āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ: If+present indefinite  = Present indefinite

āĻ—āĻ āύ: If+ sub+v1(s/es)+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤Â  = sub+v1(s/es)+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤Â 

Example:

  • If ice is heated, it melts.
  • If water is put at 0 c, it freezes.
  • If you make two and two, it becomes four.         
  • The fog disappears if the sun shines.
  • If a thing is cohesive, it tends to stick together.
  • If the sun sets, it gets dark.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • If it rains, the ground gets wet.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§‡ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • If you press the button, the light turns on.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āϤāĻžāĻŽ āϟāĻŋāĻĒ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āύ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϞāĻžāχāϟāϟāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • If people don’t eat, they get hungry.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϧāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤
  • If you drop an object, it falls.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āύ, āϤāĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • If you water the plant, it grows.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āύ, āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤
  • If you touch fire, it burns.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āφāϗ⧁āύ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĻ⧇āύ, āϤāĻž āĻĒ⧁āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • If you turn off the computer, it shuts down.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹: āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ “if” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ, āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (12)  First conditional /Present conditional = āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹.

āĻ—āĻ āύ: If+present indefinite =  Future  indefinite

āĻ—āĻ āύ: If+sub+v1(s/es)+ex= Sub+will+v1+ex =āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹.

Example:

  • If you call me later, I will tell you all about the event.
  • If he eats healthier food, he will feel more energetic during the day.
  • If I get a promotion, I will treat myself to a nice vacation.
  • If you follow the instructions carefully, you will complete the task easily.
  • If you pull cat’s tail ,it will scratch you.
  • If you help me, I will finish the work faster.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧋, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāĻŦāĨ¤
  • If they arrive early, we will start the meeting on time.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āφāϗ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āφāϏ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻ­āĻžāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻŦāĨ¤
  • If you invite her to the party, she will come.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāĻ“, āϏ⧇ āφāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • If I find your book, I will give it to you.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāχ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĨ¤
  • If we save enough money, we will travel next year.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϏāĻžā§āϚāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŦāĨ¤
  • If he runs every day, he will become fit.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĻ⧌āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϏ⧇ āĻĢāĻŋāϟ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • If I get a promotion, I will buy a new car.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻŽā§‹āĻļāύ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāχ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻŦāĨ¤
  • If you go to the park, you will meet your friends.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“, āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–āσ

āĻ—āĻ āύ: If+sub+verb1(s/es)+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡Â  = Sub+may/can/should/must+verb1+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ ( āĻāχ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϟāĻž āĻ“ āϤ⧋āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧋ āĨ¤

  • If you want to lose weight, you should not eat red meat.
  • If the fog gets thick, I can drive slowly.   
  • If it stop raining, I may go out.

Completing Sentence (13) Second conditional /Past conditional āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāσIf+past indefinite = Past conditional

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ If+sub+v2+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ =  Sub+would/could/might/should+v1+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

Example:

  • If you worked hard, you would shine in life.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧋, āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

  • If the fog got thick, I could drive slowly.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻļāĻž āϘāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

  • If it stopped raining, I might go out.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

  • If you pulled the cat’s tail, it should scratch you.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϞ⧇āϜ āϟāĻžā§āύāϤ⧇, āϤāĻž āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāρāϚāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  • If you wanted to lose weight, you could not eat red meat.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ“āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāϤ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϞāĻžāϞ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āϏ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇āύāĻžāĨ¤

  • If I were a rich student, I would help the poor students.
    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϧāύ⧀ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

 

NB: ( were  āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻžÂ  Second conditional  āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦā§‹ āĨ¤ )    

  1. Were I king, I would help the poor.
  2. If I had a lot of money, I would help you.   

  NB: Had+ sub+ noun  āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻžÂ  Second conditional  āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦā§‹.

  1. Had I a lot of money, I would help you.

NB: Had+ sub+ noun  āϕ⧇ past indefinite tense āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (14) Third conditional /Perfect conditional āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ.

āĻ—āĻ āύ: If+past perfect  = perfect conditional

āĻ—āĻ āύ: If+sub+had +verb3+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ =Sub+would/could/might/should+have+verb3+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

Example:

  • If Sara had worked hard, she would have got a good job.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϤ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āϤāĨ¤
  • If the fog had got thick, I could have driven slowly.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻļāĻž āϘāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • If it had stopped raining, I might have gone out.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • If you had pulled the cat’s tail, it should have scratched you.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϞ⧇āϜ āϟāĻžāύāϤ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāρāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĨ¤
  • If you had wanted to lose weight, you could not have eaten red meat.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ“āϜāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāϤ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϞāĻžāϞ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āϏ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • If I had been king, I would have helped the poor.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ—āϰ⧀āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

NB: ( Had + sub+ verb 3 āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻžÂ  third conditional  āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦā§‹ āĨ¤ )              

  • Had I been king, I would have helped the poor.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ—āϰ⧀āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • If I had earned a lot of money, I would have helped you.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • Had I learned a lot of money, I would have helped you.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻŋāϖ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤāĻžāĻŽ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

NB: Had+ sub+ verb 3  āϕ⧇ past perfect tense āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (15) With a view to  = āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇.

āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āĻ¯Â  Look forward to =  āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž Accustomed to=  āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ Get used to =āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ Be used to   =  āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ Addicted to =  āφāϏāĻ•ā§āĻ¤Â  Opposed to  =āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž Adverse to = āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϕ⧁āϞ Confess to = āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžÂ  With an eye to  = āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāύāĻžā§Ÿ/āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϝ⧇ Object to   = āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžÂ  Prefer to   = āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž Committed to  =  āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖÂ  Tantamount to =āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨Â   Devoted to =āĻ—āĻ­āĻŋāϰ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ¨Â   Dedicated to = āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤Â  Adjusted to = āĻŽāĻžāύāĻžāύ āϏāχ Approve of  āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž /Avoid -āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž/āĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϚāϞāĻž /Count on– āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž/  Consider āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/  Understand āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻž/ Addicted to āφāϏāĻ•ā§āϤ/Be accustomed to- āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ/ Be adverse to- āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž / Depend on āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Be better off  āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āϤāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž/  Excuse- āĻ…āϜ⧁āĻšāĻžāϤ/ Be opposed to- āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Finish āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ PardonāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/  Get used to āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ /Forbid – āύāĻŋāώ⧇āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Be used to āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ/  Can not help – āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻž/ Forget about  āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž/ Confess to āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž/  Forgive āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Object to āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž/Give up āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Prefer to āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āϤāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž/ Put off āϖ⧁āϞ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻž/āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž/ Rely on āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Remain – āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Get through – āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧀āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž/ Insist on āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ āϜāĻŋāĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž/Keep- āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž/ LikeāĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž/Think of/ Dream of– āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž/ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/Stop– āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž/With an eye toāĻāĻ• āύāϜāϰ⧇/ Without/Don’t mind/ Keep on āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž/ Look forward to āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž /Mention- āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž/Postpone- āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ QuitāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Recommend- āϏ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ RememberāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž/Practice- āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž /Recall āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Suggest āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Regret- āĻ…āύ⧁āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§‹āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž It is no good āϕ⧋āύ āϞāĻžāĻ­ āύāĻžāχ/āύāĻŋāϰāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•/ Admit āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž Appreciate āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Would you mind – āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŽāύ⧇ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇/It is no use – āϕ⧋āύ āϞāĻžāĻ­ āύāĻžāχ/ āύāĻŋāϰāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•/ Complete āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Delay– āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Deny– āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Discuss– āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Miss– āĻŦāĻŋāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž/  Think aboutāĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž/StartāĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ Suceeed in– āϏāĻĢāϞāϤāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āϰāĻž/ With a view to āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤Â 

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦ word āĻ“ phrase āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb 1 +ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ  V1+ing+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇( āĻāχ phrase āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ v1+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤)

Example:

  • I come here with view to learning English.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāϏāĻŋāĨ¤
  • He is devoted to getting A+.
  • āϏ⧇ A+ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
  • Samin is committed to speaking English.
  • āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ⧁āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāĨ¤
  • I am looking forward to receiving you.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āϤ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â  āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
  • She is used to drinking cold water.
  • āϏ⧇ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤāĨ¤
  • I get used to reading all night.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāϰāĻžāϤ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (16) Preposition āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ v1+ing /nounāĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤Â 

List of most common preposition

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ Verbš+ ing+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

   In= āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ on =āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ Into =āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ Over =āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ Inside =āĻ­āĻŋāϤāĻ°Â  Above =āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ Under =āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ Upon=āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ Beneath= āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ Up =āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ bellow=āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡Â  To =āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇/ āĻ/ underneath = āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡  At= āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇/ āĻ/ down= āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡Â  with =āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ For =āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ By =āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻž/ āĻĒāĻžāϏ⧇ from =āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ without= āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžÂ  past =āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ After =āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â  Till =āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ Before   =āφāϗ⧇ Until =āύāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ While= āϜāĻ–āύ Against=āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡Â  beyond  =āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ Across=āĻ“āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇   Next to =āĻĒāĻžāϏ⧇ Along =āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰ  Up to =āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ About =āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ/āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡Â    past =āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ around = āϚāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ From = āĻĨ⧇āĻ•ā§‡Â   Due to =  āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ  Of =āĻāĻ°Â Â                Owing to = āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯Â   Through  =āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡    Onto=  āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ throughout  =āĻœā§ā§œā§‡Â        Behind =  āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āύ⧇ Except =  āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž  regarding  =āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ In spite of= āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“Â           Beside   =āĻĒāĻžāϏ⧇ Despite =āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ Since= āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ Among=  āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯Â  On the back of  = āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āύ⧇ between =āĻĻā§ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ In front of =āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ Because of = āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇ Considering= āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ On account of =āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇ Concerning =āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§Ÿā§‡ Instead of =āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇  Following= āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ In lieu of = āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ during  =āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ for =āϜāĻ¨ā§ In spite of =āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“

Example:

  • I am scared of going out at night.
    āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­ā§€āϤāĨ¤
  • I will go to Dubai instead of going to London.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϞāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāύ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻŦāĻžāχ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
  • He will stay at home because of being sick.
    āϏ⧇ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • We had an accident while crossing the road.
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāϟāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • You should wash your hands before eating rice.
    āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϤ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻ§ā§‹ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
  • I came home after finishing my work.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
  • I am tired of working all day.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤
  • They are excited about going to the concert.
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āύāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
  • We are looking forward to meeting our friends.
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻĻāĻ—ā§āϰ⧀āĻŦāĨ¤
  • She is afraid of swimming in the ocean.
    āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāρāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϤ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • I am used to waking up early.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž āωāϠ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤāĨ¤
  • They are thinking of moving to a new house.
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϛ⧇āĨ¤
  • He is fond of reading books.
    āϏ⧇ āĻŦāχ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • We are proud of winning the match.
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϚ āĻœā§‡āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Completing Sentence (17)  Mind āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž/

Would you mind āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ ?/ Cannot help āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻž /Could not help āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž /Worth āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ/By  āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž/ Without  āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĨ¤ āĻāχ word āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ v1+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ= v1+ing+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

Example:

  • I don’t mind having tea.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻž āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • Would you mind opening the window?
  • āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻž āϖ⧁āϞāϤ⧇ āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ?
  • Samin is worth getting A+.
  • āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ A+ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāĨ¤
  • I cannot help helping the poor.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ—āϰ⧀āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯Â  āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • She will get A+ by reading more.
  • āϏ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ A+ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Without being honest, you cannot be happy.
  • āĻ¸ā§Ž āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇, āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ–ā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡Â  āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Completing Sentence (18) While āϝāĻ–āύ

 

 

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ1 Subject + was/were+ verbš+ing+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ2  verbš+ing+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

  • Their parents were chatting inside while the children were playing outside.
  • āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āφāĻĄā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϖ⧇āϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • She was smiling while helping her friend.
  • āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšāĻžāϏāϤ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • I saw a stray cat wandering around while waiting for the bus.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϛ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇āϘāĻžāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋ⧜āĻžāϞ āĻ˜ā§‹āϰāĻžāĻĢ⧇āϰāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • He studied for the exam while listening to music.
  • āϏ⧇ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϤ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧜āĻž āĻĒ⧜āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • They were having dinner while watching a movie.
  • āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • I cleaned the kitchen while the cake was baking.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ  āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāϘāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧇āĻ• āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧋āĨ¤Â 
  • She was talking on the phone while walking through the park.
  • āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϟāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĢā§‹āύ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • He likes to sing while driving to work every morning.
  • āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨Â  āĻ—āĻžāχāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ While āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb1+ing,NounāĻŦāĻž Noun Phrase āĻŦāϏāĻ˛ā§‡Â  While āϕ⧇ preposition āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĨ¤ āφāĻ°Â  While āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ Clause āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Subordinating Conjunction āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤Â 

1. While as a Noun:
  • He took a short while to finish the task.
    āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϞ⧇āϗ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

2. While as a Verb:
    1. We whiled away the afternoon playing cards.
      āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϕ⧇āϞāϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϏ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

    2. He whiled away the evening by reading a book.
      āϏ⧇ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāχ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

    3. She whiled away the hours watching TV.
      āϏ⧇ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

    4. They whiled away the time with casual conversation.
      āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ—āĻžāϧ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

    5. I whiled away the evening listening to music.
      āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϤ āĻļā§‹āύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

    6. We whiled away the night at the party.
      āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāϤāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

3. While as a Preposition:
  • She sang while cooking dinner.
    āϏ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ—āĻžāύ āϗ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

  • He likes to play music while doing his homework.
    āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‹āĻŽāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϤ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āĨ¤
4. While as a Conjunction:
  • Their parents were chatting inside while the children were playing outside.

Completing Sentence (19) Relative pronoun and Relative adverb

Relative pronoun      

  • āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ  the person /people āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡Â  =  who/whom āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ/ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡Â  = whose āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤Â 
  •  āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ the things/ animals āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡Â =  which āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  •   āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ/ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§Â  āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡Â Â = that āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Relative adverb

  •  āϏāĻŽā§ŸÂ   the time  āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡Â =   When āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ¨Â  the reason āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ =  Why āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ/āϧāϰāĻ¨Â  the way/ mannerāĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡Â  = How āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  •  āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ the place āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ = where āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ āĻāχ Relative pronoun and Relative adverb āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ sequence of tense āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Sequence of tense āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞāĨ¤Â      

  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause  present āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â   =    āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause   any tense āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĨ¤( āϤāĻŦ⧇ Present or Future āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause  past āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â   =  āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause  past āĻšāĻŦ⧇
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause  future āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â   =  āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause  present āĻšāĻŦ⧇

Example:

  1. I know the man who helps you. (āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause present āĻ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause āĻ“ present āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  2. I know the man who helped you. (āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause present āĻ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause past āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  3. I know the man who will help you.(āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause present āĻ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause Future āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  4. I knew the man who helped you.(āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause past āĻ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause Past āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  5. The person who works hard will shine in life. (āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause future āĻ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause Present āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
  6. I know the man whom you helped.
  7. I saw some students whose dresses were white.(āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause past āĻ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause āĻ“ past āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  8. Friday is the time when our school is closed.
  9. 1971 is the time when we got independence.
  10. Macca is a place where our prophet was born.
  11. I don’t know the reason why he is crying.
  12. I know the way how he reached home.

Completing Sentence (20)

  • No sooner hadâ€Ļ.than = āϤ⧇ āύāĻž āϤ⧇
  • scarcely had â€Ļâ€Ļwhen= āϤ⧇ āύāĻž āϤ⧇
  • Hardly had â€Ļâ€Ļ.when= āϤ⧇ āύāĻž āϤ⧇

āĻ—āĻ āύ

  • No sooner had+sub+v3+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡Â +than+ sub+v2+ex
  • Scarcely had+sub+v3+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤+  when  + sub+v2+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
  • Hardly  had+sub+v3+ex + when+  sub+v2+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤Â 

NB: āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause past perfect āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause past indefinite āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

  1. No sooner had I gone home than he came.          
  2. Scarcely had she reached station when the train left.
  3. Hardly had  I seen the thief when he ran away.

Completing Sentence (21) Sequence of tense

Sequence of tense āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞāĨ¤Â      

  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause  present āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â   =    āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause   any tense āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĨ¤( āϤāĻŦ⧇ Present or Future āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause  past āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â   =  āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause  past āĻšāĻŦ⧇
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause  future āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â   =  āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause  present āĻšāĻŦ⧇

NB: āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ subordinating/ coordinating conjunction āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ sequence of tense āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

List of subordinating conjunctions

As            āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§Â                Even if   āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“

Since      āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§Â                If only    āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ

Because  āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ¨Â                  Once  āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ

As           āϝ⧇āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇                Even though āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“

That       āϝ⧇/ āϝāĻž/                Though āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“

                                          Although  āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“

                                            When    āϝāĻ–āύ

                                            Why       āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāύ⧋

Providing that    āϝāĻĻāĻŋ        How       āϝ⧇āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ / āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇

Provided that     āϝāĻĻāĻŋ        Where   āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇

provided           āϝāĻĻāĻŋ          Who      āϝ⧇ /āϝāĻžāϰāĻž

                                            Whom   āϝāĻžāϕ⧇/ āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϕ⧇

                                            Whose  āϝāĻžāϰ /āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ

Incase   āϝāĻĻāĻŋ                         Which    āϝāĻž/ āϝ⧇ āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ

                                             What     āĻ•āĻŋ/ āϝāĻž

                                            Whoever   āϝ⧇ āϕ⧇āω

As soon as āϝ⧇āχ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°Â   Whomever  āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āχ

As long as  āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤Â         Whichever   āϝāĻž āχ

As much as   āϝāϤ āĻŦ⧇āϏāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ   Whatever   āϝāĻž āχ

Than  āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡Â                              Whenever  āϝāĻ–āύāχ

After      āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â                          wherever āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϖ⧁āϏāĻŋ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇

before   āφāĻ—ā§‡Â                          

till           āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤Â                          like āϝ⧇āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡Â 

until       āύāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤Â                   Whereas  āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇

                                                whether   āĻ•āĻŋ ……āύāĻžÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 

List of coordinating conjunctions=fanboys

F=For āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ       A=And āĻāĻŦāĻ‚        N=Nor āύāĻž            B=But āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁

O=Or āĻŦāĻž               Y=Yet āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“         S=So āϏ⧁āϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚     

NB:  Please āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ Conjunctions āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧋ āĨ¤

Example:

Conj       āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause present        āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause any tense

  1. As I work hard , I get good life.
  2. As  I work hard , I got good life.
  3. As  I work hard , I will get good life.
  4. Since he studies more ,he makes good result.
  5. Since he studies more , he made good result.
  6. Since he studies more , he will make good result.

Conj       āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause past              āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause past

  1. Though he worked hard, he could not shine in life.
  2. Though he worked hard,   he made bad result.
  3. Though he worked hard, he lost his job.
  4. When I was going to college, I saw you playing.
  5. When I was going to college, you were sleeping.
  6. When I was going to college,  you were catching fish.

conj       āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause future          āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause present

  1. when  he will complete his study,  he is a successful person.
  2. As I will help him,  he helps me.
  3. what He will say  is true.
  4. That She will get A+   is sure.

āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause past              conj       ⧍⧟ Clause past āĻšāĻŦ⧇

  1. He ran away as soon as  he saw a tiger.
  2. He came to me when I was reading Quaran.
  3. I forgot her  and I went out.
  4. You studied more but you could not achieve success.  
  5. I saw a drunken porter who   was lying on the ground.

Completing Sentence (22) Unless āϝāĻĻāĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤

 

āĻ—āĻ āύ: Unless+subj+verbš+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇=subj+will+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇.

āĻ—āĻ āύ: Unless+subj+verb2+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇=subj+would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇.

Example:

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ Unless āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ Clause āĻ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ Not āĻŦāϏ⧇āύāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ Unless āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ  Negative  āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĨ¤

  • Unless you work hard, you will not shine in life.
  • Unless you are honest, nobody will respect you.
  • Unless there is hartal, I will come back tomorrow.
  • I will go to the park unless it rains.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • You won’t pass the exam unless you study hard.
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • Unless we leave now, we will miss the train.
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ–āύ āύāĻž āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇, āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻŦāĨ¤
  • He won’t eat the cake unless it’s chocolate.
    āϏ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ• āĻ–āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āϚāϕ⧋āϞ⧇āϟ āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • Unless you call me, I won’t know when the meeting is.
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĢā§‹āύ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāĻŦ āύāĻž āϝ⧇ āϏāĻ­āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĨ¤
  • The concert will be canceled unless enough tickets are sold.
    āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāϟ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ•āύāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • I won’t be able to help you unless you explain the problem clearly.
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • Unless we hurry, we will be late for the movie.
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇, āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • You can’t enter the room unless you have the key.
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϘāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (23 Because of  āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇ āĨ¤On account of  āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇/ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ⧇āĨ¤

In lieu of  āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĨ¤/In stead of āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĨ¤/Inspite of  āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“āĨ¤/Despite āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“āĨ¤

  āĻ—āĻ āύ: verbš+ing+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ /Noun phrase

Example:

  1. Because of:

    1. The event was postponed until next week because of the heavy rain. ( Noun Phrase āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ Sentence complete āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
    2. He couldn’t attend the meeting because of  having a sudden illness.( Verbš+ing āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ Sentence complete āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  2. On account of:

    1.  We arrived late to the concert on account of the traffic jam.( Noun Phrase āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ Sentence complete āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  3. In lieu of:

    1. She gave me a phone in lieu of giving a bike.( Verbš+ing āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ Sentence complete āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  4. Instead of:

    1. We decided to visit the museum instead of going to the park. ( Verbš+ing āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ Sentence complete āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
    2. They went for a hike in spite of the cold weather.
    3. He passed the test in spite of not studying much for it.

Completing Sentence (24)

 

Let alone āĻĻ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĨ¤

 

āĻ—āĻ āύ:  Subject + verb +………āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϛ⧋āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁+, let alone+ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦ⧜ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĨ¤

Noun phrase/Any phrase

Example:

    1. I can hardly afford a new phone  let alone a luxury car.
    2. She doesn’t even like vegetables  let alone fruits.
    3. He can barely finish a simple task  let alone handle a big project.
    4. We don’t have enough time to watch a movie  let alone go out for dinner.
    5. He doesn’t have the skills to play chess let alone win a tournament.
    6. I haven’t had breakfast yet let alone lunch.

Completing Sentence (25)

 

Would rather/ Would sooner (āĻŦāϰāĻ‚)

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ Subject+would rather/would sooner+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡Â  + than+verbš/Noun

Example:

  1. I would rather die than beg.
  2. She would sooner drink tea than coffee.

Rule:26  To be/as  āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ Adjective/ Adjective phrase/Noun phrase 

  1. Sara is regarded as innocent.
  2. Samin treats me as pious.
  3. People condemn mirjafor as treacherous.
  4. Jachia works here as a doctor.
  5. They treat me as a friend.
  6. The news came to me as a shock.
  7. I know Upoma as honest.

Rule:27  Modal auxiliary  āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš  āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻ“ Modal auxiliary  āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ be āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verbÂŗÂ  āĻŦāϏ⧇.

 

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ verbš +object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇/verbÂŗ +object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

List of modal Auxiliries

Can  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ (āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ) = Could     āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ(āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ)

Shall       āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹ = Should   āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ 

Will        āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹= Would   āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ

May       āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ =might     āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ

Must      āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹ =Had to   āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ

Have to āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ =Had to   āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ

Has to   āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ =Had to   āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ

Be going to āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹

Am to /is to/ are to  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ

Was to /were to  āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ

Had better  āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ

Would rather āĻŦāϰāĻ‚

Need     āĻĒā§āϰ⧟āϜāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

Dare      āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻž

Ought to             āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ

Used to āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ ( āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ)

Example:   

  You are very sick. You had better go home.

He is a very honest person. he would rather die than tell a lie.

When I was a child, I used to live in village.

Yesterday I lost my my wallet. Therefore I had to  walk all the way.

 

Completing Sentence (28) āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ  There is a saying.+ that

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ There is a maxim + that

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ A proverb goes + that

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ There goes a proberb + that

āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§āϝ, āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϤ (There is a saying. A proverb goes, There is a maxim) āϏāĻŦāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ-āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āφāϛ⧇ / āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤

Example:

  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Time and tide wait for none.
    āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āϰ⧋āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Health is wealth.”
    āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝāχ āĻšāϞ āφāϏāϞ āϧāύāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “What is lotted cannot be blotted.
    āϝāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŽā§āϛ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “A man is known by the company he keeps.”
    āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€-āϏāĻžāĻĨā§€ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “United we stand, divided we fall.”
    āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§‹, āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§‹āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “A man is born free but everywhere he is in chains.”
    āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽÂ  āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ , āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ¸ā§‡Â  āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧀āύāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “The grass is always greener on the other side.
    āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇āϰ āϘāĻžāĻ¸Â  āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Don’t judge a book by its cover.”
    āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§Â  āωāĻĒāϰāϟāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āϰ⧋ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Too many cooks spoil the broth.”
    āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāϧāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāρāϧ⧁āύāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “God helps those who help themselves.”
    āφāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĻš āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻ°Â  āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰāĻžāχ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āĻ°Â  āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Actions speak louder than words.”
    āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ  āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Charity begins at home.”
    āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻžÂ  āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϘāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Strike while the iron is hot.”
    āĻā§‹āρāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āϕ⧋āĻĒ āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧋ āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “A fool and his money are soon parted.”
    āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ– āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “To err is human.
    āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “The pen is mightier than the sword.
    āĻ•āϞāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϤāϞ⧋āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Slow and steady wins the race.”
    āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϚāϞāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ  āĻœā§‡āϤāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Prevention is better than cure.”
    āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Necessity is the mother of invention.”
    āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāχ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϜāύāύ⧀āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Make hay while the sun shines.”
    āĻā§‹āρāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ āϕ⧋āĻĒ āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧋ āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Honesty is the best policy.”
    āϏāϤāϤāĻž āϏ⧇āϰāĻž āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Every cloud has a silver lining.”
    āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ˜ā§‡āϰāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϰ⧌āĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”
    āĻļā§€āĻ˜ā§āϰ āĻļā§‹āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻļā§€āĻ˜ā§āϰ āĻ“āĻ āĻž, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ, āϧāύ⧀ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.”
    āϝ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “All that glitters is not gold.”
    āϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϝāĻž āϚāĻ•āϚāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻž āϏ⧋āύāĻž āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.”
    āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻž āωāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύāĨ¤
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “The man who is drowning catches at straw.”
    āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϤ⧃āϪ⧇āĻ“ āφāĻļā§āϰāϝāĻŧ āύ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
    (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϞ⧇ āϕ⧇āω āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝāϕ⧇āχ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻž āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤)
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches.”
    āϝāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāϞāĻž āϏ⧇āχ āϜāĻžāύ⧇āĨ¤
    (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύ⧇, āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€āύ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āύ, āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āϤāϰāĨ¤)
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones.”
    āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āϘāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
    (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Industry is the key to success.”
    āĻļā§āϰāĻŽāχ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻŋāĨ¤
    (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
  • There is a maxim/proverb/saying  that “Where there is a will, there is a way.”
    āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻĨāĨ¤
    (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻŦāϞ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāχ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ āĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤)

Completing Sentence (29) Would rather – than

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻƒÂ  (āĻŦāϰāĻ‚āĻāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹ …………… āϐāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹ āύāĻž)

āĻ—āĻ āύ:  Subject + would rather + verb1…………… + than + v1 +object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

For example:

1.They would rather play football than play basketball.
(āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϟāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤)

2. I would rather have tea than have coffee.
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻĢāĻŋāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāĻž āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤)

3. He would rather walk than take the bus.
(āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇ āϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤)

4. I would rather cook dinner than cook order food.
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤)

5. They would rather sleep early than stay up late.
(āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϰāĻžāϤ āĻœā§‡āϗ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤)

6. She would rather write an email than make a phone call.
(āϏ⧇ āĻĢā§‹āύ āĻ•āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āχāĻŽā§‡āχāϞ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤)

7. I would rather go for a walk than stay inside all day.
(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϘāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤)

8.I would rather watch a drama than watch a movie.

(āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāϟāĻ• āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŦā§‹, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŦā§‹ āύāĻžāĨ¤)

9.He would rather stay at home than join in the mob.

(āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤)

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ

  1. Would rather……..   āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ than āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ would rather āĻ“Â  ”  had better/would better” āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  1. Would rather than + v1 āϝāĻž negative āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “would rather—-than” āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ sentence- “no/not” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ word/phrase/clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Completing Sentence (30) As/Sinceāϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁……āϏ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ / Because āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāσ As/Since (āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁)/Because (āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ)

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ 

  1. As/Since āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇ + āϝ⧇ clause āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ + āĻ•āĻŽāĻž + āϝ⧇ clause āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĨ¤
  2. āϝ⧇ clause āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ +Because+āϝ⧇ clause āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Example:

  • As it was raining, I stayed indoors.
  • āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϘāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • I stayed indoors because it was raining.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϘāϰ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ  āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧋āĨ¤
  • Since she moved to Dhaka, I didn’t see her.
  • āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχāύāĻŋāĨ¤
  • I didn’t go to the party because I was feeling sick.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāχāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • Since you’re here, could you help me with this task?
  • āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāϛ⧋, āĻ•āĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧋?
  • I didn’t like the movie because it was too slow.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āϧ⧀āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • As she is very talented, she quickly learned the piano.
  • āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāύ, āϏ⧇ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻĒāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋ āĻļāĻŋāϖ⧇ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
  • Since the meeting is canceled, we can leave early.
  • āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ‚āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϤāĻžā§œāĻžāϤāĻžā§œāĻŋ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
  • He passed the exam because he studied hard.
  • āϏ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • As the sun set, the sky turned beautiful shades of pink and orange.
  • āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāϞ, āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļāϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āϰāϙ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ

  • As, since, because āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ sentence āϕ⧇ complex sentence āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤
  • As, since, because- āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  Sentence Complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ Sequence of Tense āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (31)Though/Although (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“)

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻƒÂ  Though/Although (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“………āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻ“)

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ 

  • Though/Although + Sub ordinate clause + āĻ•āĻŽāĻž +āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ• principal clauseāĨ¤
  • āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ• principal clause + though/although + Sub ordinate clause āĨ¤
  • Though/Although āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  Sentence Complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ Sequence of Tense āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

  • Though he is poor, he is honest. (“poor” āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ “honest” āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ)āĨ¤
  • (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϏ⧇ āĻ—āϰ⧀āĻŦ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϏ⧇ āĻ¸ā§ŽāĨ¤)
  • I will help you though I am helpless. (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āϏāĻšāĻžā§Ÿ)
  • She is very kind though she can be strict at times.
  • āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • I enjoyed the movie though it was quite long.
  • āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āωāĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • He passed the exam though he didn’t study much.
  • āϏ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ.
  • The food was spicy  though it tasted great.
  • āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāϏāϞāĻžāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāϰ⧁āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • He likes to read books though he doesn’t have much time.
  • āϏ⧇ āĻŦāχ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤
  • Though it was raining, we decided to go to the park.
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
  • She is very young, though she is very mature for her age.
  • āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āϤāϰ⧁āĻŖ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧟āϏ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžā§Ÿ āϏ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻŦāĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ

  1. Though/Although-āϕ⧇ subordinate conjunction āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤
  2. Though/Although “āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“/āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁” āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤

Completing Sentence (32)Till (āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ) / Until (āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻž)

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāσ Till (āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ) / Until (āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻž)

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ (Subject) + verb + till/until + āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject + verb

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ Till/Until āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  Sentence Complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ Sequence of Tense āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 Example:

  • I will wait here until you return.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻĢ⧇āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦāĨ¤
  • She didn’t come until the meeting was over.
    āϏ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āφāϏ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤
  • I will work till midnight to finish the project.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϰāĻžāϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŦāĨ¤
  • He didn’t speak until the teacher asked him a question.
    āϏ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāϞ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤
  • We can’t leave until the rain stops.
    āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϚāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • You should stay here until I call you.
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧋ āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻŦāĨ¤
  • She studied hard until she understood the lesson.
    āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  • I won’t go home till I finish this task.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āώ āύāĻž āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻŦ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • They danced until the music stopped.
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āϤ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āύāĻž āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻšā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ

  • “till/until” Subordinating conjunction  āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϚāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  • “till” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ affirmative/negative āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • “until” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ•Â  Clause /sentence āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Completing Sentence (33)As long as ( āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ)

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāσ As long as (āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ)

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ Subject + verb + extension + as long as + subject + verb + extension

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ As long As āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â  Sentence Complete āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ Sequence of Tense āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

  1. I will support you as long as you are honest with me.
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ¸ā§Ž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĨ¤

  2. As long as the weather is good, we can go for a picnic.
    āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āύāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦāĨ¤

  3. You can stay here as long as you want to stay.
    āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇ āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻ“ āĨ¤

  4. As long as we stick together, we can face any challenge.
    āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ, āϤāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦāĨ¤

  5. As long as he works hard, he will succeed.
    āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇, āϤāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

  6. You can borrow my book as long as you return it on time.
    āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāχ āϧāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧋, āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĢ⧇āϰāϤ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

  7. As long as the company provides good service, customers will stay loyal.
    āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇, āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻšāĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

  8. As long as you are kind to others, people will respect you.
    āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻĻ⧟ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ

  • “As long As” Subordinating conjunction-āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāχ āĻĻ⧁āχ clause-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

Completing Sentence (34) In spite of/ Despite (āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“)

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻƒÂ  In spite of/ Despite (āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“)

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ In spite of/ Despite + noun/noun phrase/gerund (verb1 + ing) —- + comma + āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ clause.

Example:

  1. In spite of the heavy traffic, I managed to reach on time. (āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āϝāĻžāύāϜāϟ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)

  2. Despite his being ill, he attended the meeting. (āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϤāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧈āĻ āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤)

  3. In spite of the rain, we decided to go on a picnic. (āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āύāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)

  4. Despite the fact that she was tired, she kept working all day. (āϏ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

  5. In spite of  facing difficult circumstances, they stayed hopeful. (āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āφāĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

  6. Despite doing his best efforts, he couldn’t finish the project on time. (āϤāĻžāϰ āϏ⧇āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤)

  7. In spite of  being  cold weather, the children played outside. (āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

  8. Despite Facing all the challenges, she never gave up on her dreams. (āϏāĻŦ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āϏāϰ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤)

  9. In spite of having the poor reviews, the movie became a huge hit. (āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ āϞāĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

  10. Despite being a beginner, he completed the race in record time. (āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“, āϏ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧌āĻĄāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ

  • “In spite of/Despite” āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž simple sentence āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
    “In spite of/Despite” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ preposition

Completing Sentence (35) In case (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ)

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāσ In case (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ)

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ  Principal Clause+ In case+ Subordinate Clause.

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ “If” āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻžāϞ⧋ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ “In case” āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž “āϝāĻĻāĻŋ” āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤
Example:

  • I will bring an umbrella in case it rains later. (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āĻ›āĻžāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϏāĻŦ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
  • You should carry a map in case you get lost. (āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āύāĨ¤)
  • I’ve packed some snacks in case we get hungry on the way. (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϏ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϧāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĨ¤)
  • Please save the document in case your computer crashes. (āĻĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĄāϕ⧁āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻļ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
  • Take a jacket in case it gets cold in the evening. (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻœā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϟ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāύ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
  • I’m bringing extra clothes in case we decide to stay longer. (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āφāύāĻ›āĻŋ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤)
  • I’ll keep the keys safe in case you forget them. (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāύāĨ¤)
  • We need to prepare a backup plan in case things don’t go as expected. (āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āφāĻĒ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āφāĻļāĻž āĻŽāϤ⧋ āύāĻž āϚāϞ⧇āĨ¤)
  • I will come tomorrow in case the weather is excellent. (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•āĻžāϞ āφāϏāĻŦā§‹ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤)

    Keep an umbrella in case it rains. (āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ›āĻžāϤāĻž āϰāĻžāĻ– āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤)

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āσ

  • āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇ conjunction in case  āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ “If” āĻŦāϏāĻžāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻžāϞ⧋ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Practice

  1. You are now very helpless. Call me whenever you need help.
  2. Speak the truth or you will be punished. A truthful man is always honoured everywhere.
  3. He took biology in lieu of Elective Math. Biology is difficult for him.
  4. We cannot buy a car if we don’t get a loan. It costs a lot of money. 
  5. You are now very helpless. Call me whenever you need help.
  6. I wish I could fly in the sky.
  7. I don’t know why you go there, most probably, you feel free there.
  8. If a man sows good seeds, he is sure to get good crops.
  9. I can’t recall his name. It is long since we met last.
  10. Time will decide everything. Do your best and wait for the result.
  11. Mr Salim Khan is a greatteacher. Do you know where he lives?
  12. It is high time you gave up smoking.
  13. If you want to go abroad for higher studies, you have learn English.
  14. We saw a snake while we were walking.
  15. He confessed that he was guilty.
  16. It is high time we stood against corruption.
  17. I wish I were a child again. 
  18. The poem was too difficult for them to memorise.
  19. He could be rich by working hard.
  20. I’ve missed the 8 o’clock train. Do you know when the next train is going to start?
  21. Her voice was too low for the audience to hear. The organizers should have arranged sound system
  22. If we cut trees at random, the condition of our environment will surely deteriorate.
  23. It is unfortunate that you don’t take exercise.
  24. You would be healthy if you took regular physical exercise.
  25. In the exam you should not write the same thing as most students write. The examiners get bored to see same things.
  26. As he was a student of a registered primary school, he got the chance to apply for admission in Govt. school. He got admitted in a Zilla School.
  27. Industry keeps us free from want. Mr. Ant worked hard during the summer so that he could survive the winter
  28. While he came to know about the corruption in his office, he sacked the corrupt officers.
  29. It’s not good to mix with bad people.
  30. There goes a proverb ‘A man is known by the company he keeps’.
  31. Dulal Sheikh was a quack. He behaved as if he had took a FRCP degree.
  32. It is very cold outside. You had better put on warm clothes before going out.
  33. My childhood was fall of joys and happiness. Would that I could get back my childhood again.
  34. Though junk food looks very appealing, it is very unhealthy.
  35. The sun that gives us light is one of the greatest sources of energy. 
  36. I want to set up a hospital for the village people. I wish I had enough money to build a hospital.
  37. Sara took her grandfather to a hospital. As it was a public hospital, the cost of treatment was very low.
  38. Salim is very sluggish. Being so sluggish, he could not finish the work in time.
  39. There was a serious accident in front of our house. If I had been present there ,I would have tried my best to take the injured to hospital.
  40. Though he called me loudly, I could not hear him.
  41. My father established a school so that the villagers could educate their children.
  42. If I don’t start now, I will not be able to reach there in time.
  43. The baby is crying since it is hungry
  44. You should buy some candles because tomorrow you have examination.
  45. I wish I were an actor.
  46. If you have this bad habit,nobody will believe you.
  47. He will leave the hospital as soon as he gets well.
  48. If you want to go abroad for higher study, you have to learn English.
  49. Farmers stored water lest they should face crisis of water.
  50. I visited Stratford-up-Avon which is the birth place of William Shakespeare.
  51. He would rather fail than copy.
  52. Whenever I get time, I go fishing.
  53. He scored GPA-5 in the HSC examination because of his hard labour.
  54. The leader spoke so nicely that everyone was pleased.
  55. You should stay at home so that you can take rest.
  56. It is high time we stopped this bad practice.
  57. Then I go out for a walk so that I can keep my body fit.
  58. As her economy depends on agriculture, we should give emphasis on agriculture.
  59. Since he is shelterless, he has no particular living or sleeping place.
  60. Climbing the Everest is difficult and dangerous because there is snow all over.
  61. He decided that he should see a doctor.
  62. Most people cannot afford to educate their children because of their poverty.
  63. She needs more educational institutions so that they can accommodate all students.
  64. Since the sky was cloudy, they were walking fast.
  65. He was famous because of his wisdom.
  66. If they had started earlier, they would have caught the train.
  67. Crops did not grow well since the rainfall was untimely.
  68. United we stand divided we fall.
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