GrammarGate

Right form of verbs JSC,SSC,HSC,BCS

Right form of verb

   Rule(1): 

āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ clause-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°Â āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āĻ¨ā§‹Â  clause-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• finite verb āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ finite verb(āϗ⧁āϞ⧋)āĻ•ā§‡Â non-finite verb āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

⇒One Clause = One Subject āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ + One Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

⇒ Subject = he, she,they, Samin

⇒ Finite Verb= Auxiliary /verb¹/verb² = am/is/are/go/grow/went/grew

⇒Nonfinite Verb= To+verbš/Verbš+ing/VerbÂŗ/Having+verbÂŗ= To go/going/gone/having gone

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ non-finite verb āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

  1. Verb āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ subject āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧇ = V1 + Ing (Present Participle)
  2.  āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ = to + V1 (Infinitive)
  3. Verb āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ subject āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧇ =V3 (Past Participle) [for passive or perfect sentences]
Method 1: Subject āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧇ =  V1 + ing (Present Participle) āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

Incorrect: (Finish) his work, he went home. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ went āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb āϤāĻžāχ finish āϕ⧇ nonfinite āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: Finishing his work, he went home. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ finish āϕ⧇ nonfinite āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Explanation : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ participial phrase āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϘāϟāϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ phrase-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ present participle (–Ing) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ Finishing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: (Not know) the answer, he remained silent. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ remained āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ know āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: Not knowing the answer, he remained silent. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ know āϕ⧇ nonfinite āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Explanation : āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• participial phrase āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ Not + verb + Ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āύāĻž āĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡â€ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Not knowing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: (Hear) the news, she started crying. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ started āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ hear āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: Hearing the news, she started crying.

Explanation : “āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āĻ¨ā§‡â€ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ/āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ clause-āϕ⧇ participial phrase-āĻ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ verb-āĻ –ing āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: She walked out of the room, (Smile). āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ walked āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ smile āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: She walked out of the room, smiling.

Explanation : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϜ “walked out” āφāϰ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ –ing āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āϞāĻžāĻ—ā§‡â€”smilingāĨ¤


Incorrect: She stood at the window, (Look) at the stars.

Correct: She stood at the window, looking at the stars.

Explanation : “āϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡â€â€”āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ continuous action āϝāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āϘāϟāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ –ing āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


Incorrect: (Walk) through the park, I saw a beautiful bird.  āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ saw āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ walk āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: Walking through the park, I saw a beautiful bird.

Explanation : “āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿâ€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ sentence-opening participial phrase āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ –ing āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ WalkingāĨ¤


Incorrect: The man (Sit) on the bench is my uncle.āĻ āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ is āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ sit āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: The man sitting on the bench is my uncle.

Explanation : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ (sitting on the bench) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ participial adjective/phrase āϝāĻž “man”-āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• modifier āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ –ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: I saw a (run) train.  āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ saw āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ run āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: I saw a running train.

Explanation : noun (train)-āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž adjective participle āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ –ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ — running traināĨ¤

Incorrect: (Have finish) my homework, I went to play.āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ went āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ finish āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: Having finished my homework, I went to play.

Explanation : āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāϞ⧇ having + past participle (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ perfect participle, āϝāĻž āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: (Have be insult) he left the room. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ left āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ insult āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: Having been insulted, he left the room.

Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡â€”â€œāĻ…āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡â€āĨ¤

Passive perfect participle āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ: having + been + V3 . āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ having been insultedāĨ¤

āϕ⧇āύ –ing āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§Ÿ? (āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž)

  • Participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ
  • āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ/āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ/āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ/āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ participial phrase āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻāχ phrase-āĻ verb-āϕ⧇ present participle (Vš + ing) āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ having + V3 / having been + V3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • noun-āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ –ing āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ participial adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Method 2: āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡Â  to + V1 (Infinitive)āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡
non-finite āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
  • Incorrect: (Learn) English is important. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ is āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ learn āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: To learn English is important.
  • Explanation (Bangla): āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ to-infinitive āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžâ€ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ/āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž → āĻāϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ to learnāĨ¤

  • Incorrect: He wants (Play) football. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ wants āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ play āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: He wants to play football.
  • Explanation: “want”, “wish”, “plan”, “hope”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to-infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ to playāĨ¤

  • Incorrect: He is too tired (Walk). āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ is āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ walk āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: He is too tired to walk.
  • Explanation: “too + adjective + to-infinitive” → āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ fixed patternāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻāϤ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϝ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϛ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

  • Incorrect: He studies hard (Pass) the exam. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ studies āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ pass āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: He studies hard to pass the exam.
  • Explanation: āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ (purpose) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ to-infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿâ€”â€œāĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯â€ → to passāĨ¤

  • Incorrect: It is easy (Solve) this problem. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ is āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ solve[ āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: It is easy to solve this problem.
  • Explanation: “It is + adjective + to-infinitive” āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ fixed structureāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ to solveāĨ¤

  • Incorrect: She decided (Leave) early. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ decided āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ leave āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: She decided to leave early.
  • Explanation: “decide”, “agree”, “choose”, “learn”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻāϞ⧇ to-infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

  • Incorrect: I don’t know how (Swim).āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ know āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ swim āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: I don’t know how to swim.
  • Explanation: “how/what/when + to-infinitive” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ/āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

  • Incorrect: He made a promise (Help) me.
  • Correct: He made a promise to help me.
  • Explanation: “promise, plan, decision, offer” āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻāϞ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ to-infinitive āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

  • Incorrect: She wants (Be invited) to the party.
  • Correct: She wants to be invited to the party.
  • Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ passive infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇:

to + be + past participle

āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ “āφāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡â€āĨ¤

 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒā§‡â€”āϕ⧇āύ to-infinitive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧋?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāĻ–āύ “āĻ•āϰāĻ¤ā§‡â€, “āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžâ€, “āϝ⧇āĻ¤ā§‡â€, “āϖ⧇āϞāĻ¤ā§‡â€, “āĻĒ⧜āĻ¤ā§‡â€ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ infinitive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿâ€”

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ to + verb (infinitive) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

⇒ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž:

  •  āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ (purpose): to pass
  •  āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ/āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ: want to, decide to
  •  āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ adjective āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇: easy to, hard to
  •  passive infinitive: to be invited
  •  sentence subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇: To learn English is important.
Method 3:
Verb āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ subject āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ⧇ V3 (Past Participle)āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡Â non-finite āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
  • The book was (write) by Rabindranath Tagore. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ was āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ write āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: written
  • Explanation : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ passive voice āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ Passive āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ V3 (past participle) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ subject āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ—āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ written āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

  • (Have finish) the work, he went home.
  • Correct: Having finished
  • Explanation : āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāϞ⧇ perfect participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Perfect participle-āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ having + V3āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ having finished āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

  • (Shock) by the news, she started crying. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ started āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ shock āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: Shocked
  • Explanation : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ participle adjective āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›ā§‡â€”āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ V3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “shocked” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

  • The documents (sign) by the manager are important. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ are āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ sign āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: signed
  • Explanation : “documents”—āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āϜāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°â€”subject āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ (sign āĻ•āϰāĻž)āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ passive participle āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ V3 āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ signed āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

  • I found a (break) chair in the room.
  • Correct: broken
  • Explanation : āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāϙ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻžâ€”āĻāϟāĻŋ passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Noun-āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ V3 participle adjective āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ brokenāĨ¤

  • All things (consider), we made the best decision. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ made āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ consider āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: considered
  • Explanation : āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ absolute participial phrase, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ “āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡â€ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ V3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

  • (Tire) after work, he went to bed early.
  • Correct: Tired
  • Explanation : āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ—āĻāϟāĻŋ passive āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ V3 tired āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

  • (Leave) alone in the house, the child started crying. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ started āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ leave āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: Left
  • Explanation: āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āω āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛â€”āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ “āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤â€ Passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ participial phrase āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ V3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ leftāĨ¤

  • (Defeat) in the match, the team felt disappointed.
  • Correct: Defeated
  • Explanation : āĻĻāϞāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϜāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ—āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϜāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ Passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ V3 participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ defeatedāĨ¤

  • Well (begin) is half done. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ is āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ begin āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Correct: begun
  • Explanation : “Well begun” āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ English expressionāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āĻ›ā§‡â€”āĻāχ passive/complete state āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ V3 (begun) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Final Summary
  • If a sentence has more than one finite verb in a single clause:
    Use V1 + ing (if two actions happen at the same time)
    Use to + V1 (if one action happens for a purpose)
    Use V3 (in passive or perfect constructions)

 Rule 2: 

āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ  Complex Sentence āĻ āϝāϤ āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ Clause āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ Clause āĻ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ Subject āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ Finite Verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Finite Verb āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž Nonfinite āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Nonfinite= To+v1/v1+ing/v3

Example:

Incorrect: Since he was tired, he stopped (work) after (complete) his assignment. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ stopped āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ work/complete āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: working / completing

Explanation : Complex sentence-āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ clause-āĻ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “stopped” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “after”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āφāϰ finite verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ verb-āϕ⧇ nonfinite āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ Nonfinite verb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ V + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ working āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ completing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: Because she had forgotten the key, she waited outside without (make) any noise. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇waited āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ make āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: making

Explanation (Bangla): “without”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ finite verb āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ verb āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž nonfinite (V + ing) āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ making āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Although he tried his best, he failed (solve) the problem (give) by the teacher. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ failed āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ solve /give āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: to solve, given

Explanation: “failed”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ to + V1 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ to solveāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ “problem (â€Ļby the teacher)” passive sense āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ V3 (past participle) given āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• nonfinite formāĨ¤


Incorrect: As it was raining heavily, they decided (stay) inside after (finish) their meal. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ decided āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ stay/finish āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: to stay, finishing

Explanation: “decided”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to-infinitive āϞāĻžāĻ—ā§‡â€”to stayāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ “after”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ nonfinite verb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ Vš + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿâ€”finishingāĨ¤


Incorrect: When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stopped (talk) and started (write). āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ stopped āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ talk/writeāϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: talking, writing

Explanation :“stopped” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “started”—āĻāχ verb āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ verb-āϕ⧇ V + ing (nonfinite) āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ finite verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ talking āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ writing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: If you work hard, you will succeed in (achieve) your dream āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ will āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ achieve āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: achieving

Explanation : “succeed in” āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ fixed phraseāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Vš + ing nonfinite āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ achievingāĨ¤


Incorrect: Though she was scolded by her mother, she kept (read) the book without (say) anything.

Correct: reading, saying

Explanation : “kept”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ verb-āϕ⧇ V + ing āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ “without”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ finite verb āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž, āϤāĻžāχ nonfinite V + ing āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāĻ°â€”reading, sayingāĨ¤


Incorrect: As the sun had set, the birds returned to their nests after (fly) all day. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ returned āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb. āϤāĻžāχ fly āϕ⧇ non finite  āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: flying

Explanation : “after”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ nonfinite Vš + ing āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ action āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ flyingāĨ¤


Incorrect: Since he was tired, he stopped (work) after (complete) his assignment.

Correct: Since he was tired, he stopped working after completing his assignment.

Explanation : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ clause-āĻāϰ finite verb āĻšāϞ⧋ stoppedāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ complex sentence-āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ clause-āĻ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋āχ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ; āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ verb āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāϏ⧇ āϤāĻž nonfinite (non-finite) āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

stopped āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ V + ing (gerund) āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ — āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ stopped working (āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž)āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ work āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž after āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ conjunction/preposition-āϧāĻžāρāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ; āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ — āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ after + V+ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ after completing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇: work āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ complete āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ finite āĻŦāĻž base form āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϭ⧁āϞ; āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ working āĻ“ completing nonfinite (gerund) āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


Incorrect: Because she had forgotten the key, she waited outside without (make) any noise.

Correct: Because she had forgotten the key, she waited outside without making any noise.

Explanation:

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ clause-āĻāϰ finite verb āĻšāϞ⧋ waitedāĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϏ⧇āϟāĻž nonfinite āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āφāύāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤

without āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ preposition; preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ verb āĻāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ gerund (V+ing) āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ preposition direct infinitive āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ without making āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

make (base form) āĻŦāĻž to make āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ grammatical āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ preposition + to + verb (infinitive) āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āύ⧟; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ without + V+ingāĨ¤


Incorrect: Although he tried his best, he failed (solve) the problem (give) by the teacher.

Correct: Although he tried his best, he failed to solve the problem given by the teacher.

Explanation : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ finite verb āĻšāϞ⧋ failedāĨ¤ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ fail āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āύāĻž āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to-infinitive (to + V1) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ: failed to solve = āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ solve āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϭ⧁āϞ; to solve āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ the problem (give) by the teacher—āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž-āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ passive āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ (āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž)āĨ¤ passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ nonfinite āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ past participle (V3), āϤāĻžāχ given āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ give base form āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤

āϏāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽ: solve → to solve (fail + to-infinitive), āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ give → given (passive, past participle)āĨ¤


Incorrect: As it was raining heavily, they decided (stay) inside after (finish) their meal.

Correct: As it was raining heavily, they decided to stay inside after finishing their meal.

Explanation : decided āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb; decide-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to + V1 (to-infinitive) āϞāĻžāϗ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ/āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ — āϤāĻžāχ decided to stay āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ decided stay āĻŦāĻž decided staying āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

after āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ (āĻāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāϜ), āϤāĻ–āύ after + V+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇ — āϤāĻžāχ after finishing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ after to finish āĻŦāĻž after finish āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ/āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇: āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ → decide to + V1; āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāϜ → after + V+ingāĨ¤


Incorrect: When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stopped (talk) and started (write).

Correct: When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stopped talking and started writing.

Explanation:

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ stopped āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ started—āωāϭ⧟āχ finite verbsāĨ¤ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ stop āĻ“ start āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ V+ing āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ: stop talking, start writing (āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž start to write āĻ“ possible āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ stop to talk āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇)āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: stopped talking āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž; stopped to talk āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāϞ (āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ) āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡â€”āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϟāĻž āĻ›ā§‡ā§œā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ — āϤāĻžāχ talking/writing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

āϤāĻžāχ talk āĻ“ write āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ base form āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: If you work hard, you will succeed in (achieve) your dream.

Correct: If you work hard, you will succeed in achieving your dream.

Explanation (āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ):

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ finite verb will (will succeed) āφāϛ⧇, āφāϰ succeed in āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ fixed phrasal verb/verb + preposition āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύ; succeed in āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ verb āϞāĻžāϗ⧇ āϤāĻž V+ing (gerund) āĻšā§Ÿ — āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ succeed in achievingāĨ¤

succeed to achieve āĻŦāĻž succeed achieve āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ āύāĻž; āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ succeed āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĢāϞāϤ achieve āϕ⧇ nonfinite gerund āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇: achievingāĨ¤


Incorrect: Though she was scolded by her mother, she kept (read) the book without (say) anything.

Correct: Though she was scolded by her mother, she kept reading the book without saying anything.

Explanation :

kept āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ finite verb; keep (in the sense of continue) āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϚāϞāϛ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϟāĻŋ keep + V+ing āύ⧇āϝāĻŧ (āĻŦāĻž keep on + V+ing)āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ kept reading āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ kept to read āĻŦāĻž kept read āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

without āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ preposition—preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻšāϞ⧇ V+ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ without saying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ without say āĻŦāĻž without to say āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤

āĻĢāϞ⧇ read āĻ“ say āϕ⧇ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ reading āĻ“ saying āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: As the sun had set, the birds returned to their nests after (fly) all day.

Correct: As the sun had set, the birds returned to their nests after flying all day.

Explanation :

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ returned āĻšāϞ⧋ finite verb; after āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ conjunction/preposition āϝāĻž āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ after + V+ing āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ (āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ)āĨ¤

after flying all day → āĻĻāĻŋāύāĻ­āϰ āĻ‰ā§œā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āϗ⧇āĻ˛â€”āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āχ flying (gerund) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ after fly āĻŦāĻž after to fly āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϞ āύ⧟āĨ¤


Incorrect: Even though the boy was injured, he continued (play) without (complain).

Correct: Even though the boy was injured, he continued playing without complaining.

Explanation :

continued āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ finite verb; continue (in the sense of āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž) āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ continue + V+ing āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ: continued playingāĨ¤ Base form continue play āϭ⧁āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖāĨ¤

without preposition—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ V+ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇: without complainingāĨ¤

āϤāĻžāχ play āĻ“ complain āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž; āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ gerund āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Since she had studied well, she managed (answer) all the questions (give) in the exam.

Correct: Since she had studied well, she managed to answer all the questions given in the exam.

Explanation:

managed āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ to + V1 (to-infinitive) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāĻĢāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ: managed to answer → āϏāĻĢāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ answer āϕ⧇ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϞ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇; to answer āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ the questions (give) in the exam — āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ passive-sense āĻ āφāϛ⧇ (āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•/āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ), āϤāĻžāχ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ āϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ past participle (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ: questions given in the examāĨ¤ Base form give āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

āϏāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽ: managed to + V1 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ passive context → V3 (given)āĨ¤

 Rule 3:

  āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ To āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ Phrase āφāϛ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϚāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  Verbš+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧇ To āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ Phrase āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ : Verb+ing+extension.

Look forward to + V-ing — āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž

Be used to + V-ing — āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Get used to + V-ing — āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āĻ āĻž

Be committed to + V-ing — āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ⧁āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Be devoted to + V-ing — āύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Be dedicated to + V-ing — āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Be accustomed to + V-ing — āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Object to + V-ing — āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž

Admit to + V-ing — āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž

Confess to + V-ing — āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Be opposed to + V-ing — āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Lead to + V-ing — āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϘāϟāĻžāύ⧋

Contribute to + V-ing — āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž

Be addicted to + V-ing — āφāϏāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Be receptive to + V-ing — āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ/āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Resort to + V-ing — āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž

Be resigned to + V-ing — āĻŽā§‡āύ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Be averse to + V-ing — āĻ…āύāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€/āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž

Look forward to

Example:

Incorrect: I look forward to (meet) you.

Correct: I look forward to meeting you.

Explanation: look forward to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ V + ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ meeting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Be used to

Incorrect: Samin is used to (wake) up early.

Correct: Samin is used to waking up early.

Explanation: be used to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ ing-form āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ waking āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Get used to

Incorrect: He is getting used to (drive) in the city.

Correct: He is getting used to driving in the city.

Explanation: get used to — āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Be committed to

Incorrect: She is committed to (help) the poor.

Correct: She is committed to helping the poor.

Explanation: committed to-āϤ⧇ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ V + ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Be devoted to

Incorrect: He is devoted to (teach) children.

Correct: He is devoted to teaching children.

Explanation: devoted to-āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ teaching āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Be dedicated to

Incorrect: They are dedicated to (protect) the environment.

Correct: They are dedicated to protecting the environment.

Explanation: dedicated to — āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ V + ing āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


Be opposed to

Incorrect: Many people are opposed to (cut) down trees.

Correct: Many people are opposed to cutting down trees.

Explanation: opposed to-āϤ⧇ to preposition—āϤāĻžāχ cutting āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Be accustomed to

Incorrect: She is accustomed to (work) late at night.

Correct: She is accustomed to working late at night.

Explanation: accustomed to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Object to

Incorrect: He objected to (pay) extra fees.

Correct: He objected to paying extra fees.

Explanation: object to-āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ paying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Adjust to

Incorrect: They adjusted to (live) in a new country.

Correct: They adjusted to living in a new country.

Explanation: adjust to — preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ V + ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


React to

Incorrect: He reacted to (be) called lazy.

Correct: He reacted to being called lazy.

Explanation: react to-āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ being āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Be open to

Incorrect: She is open to (try) new ideas.

Correct: She is open to trying new ideas.

Explanation: open to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ trying āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Confess to

Incorrect: He confessed to (steal) the money.

Correct: He confessed to stealing the money.

Explanation: confess to-āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ stealing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Lead to

Incorrect: Too much stress can lead to (feel) overwhelmed.

Correct: Too much stress can lead to feeling overwhelmed.

Explanation: lead to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Contribute to

Incorrect: Regular exercise contributes to (stay) healthy.

Correct: Regular exercise contributes to staying healthy.

Explanation: contribute to-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ V + ing āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĨ¤


Resort to

Incorrect: They resorted to (cheat) to pass the exam.

Correct: They resorted to cheating to pass the exam.

Explanation: resort to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ cheating āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Be limited to

Incorrect: The discussion is limited to (talk) about politics.

Correct: The discussion is limited to talking about politics.

Explanation: limited to-āϤ⧇ to preposition āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ V + ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


 Be prone to

Incorrect: He is prone to (get) sick in winter.

Correct: He is prone to getting sick in winter.

Explanation: prone to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ getting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Be related to

Incorrect: This topic is related to (improve) communication skills.

Correct: This topic is related to improving communication skills.

Explanation: related to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ improving āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Be addicted to

Incorrect: He is addicted to (play) video games.

Correct: He is addicted to playing video games.

Explanation: addicted to-āϤ⧇ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ playing āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Devote oneself to

Incorrect: She devoted herself to (help) the poor.

Correct: She devoted herself to helping the poor.

Explanation: devote oneself to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ helping āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Commit oneself to

Incorrect: He committed himself to (learn) English.

Correct: He committed himself to learning English.

Explanation: commit oneself to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ learning āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


 Be resigned to

Incorrect: She is resigned to (work) late nights.

Correct: She is resigned to working late nights.

Explanation: resigned to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ working āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Adapt to

Incorrect: He adapted to (live) in a new country.

Correct: He adapted to living in a new country.

Explanation: adapt to — preposition āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ V + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Be close to

Incorrect: He is close to (achieve) his dream.

Correct: He is close to achieving his dream.

Explanation: close to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ achieving āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Be essential to

Incorrect: Regular practice is essential to (become) a great musician.

Correct: Regular practice is essential to becoming a great musician.

Explanation: essential to-āϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ becoming āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


 Respond to

Incorrect: He responded to (be) criticized with patience.

Correct: He responded to being criticized with patience.

Explanation: respond to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ being āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


 Lead to (again)

Incorrect: Poor diet can lead to (gain) weight.

Correct: Poor diet can lead to gaining weight.

Explanation: lead to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ gaining āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Give priority to

Incorrect: She gives priority to (spend) time with family.

Correct: She gives priority to spending time with family.

Explanation: give priority to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ spending āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


With a view to

Incorrect: Sara came to my house with a view to (watch) TV.

Correct: Sara came to my house with a view to watching TV.

Explanation: with a view to — āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


 Be inclined to

Incorrect: He is inclined to (take) risks.

Correct: He is inclined to taking risks.

Explanation: inclined to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ taking āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


 Be subject to

Incorrect: The project is subject to (get) approval.

Correct: The project is subject to getting approval.

Explanation: subject to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ getting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Dedicate oneself to

Incorrect: He dedicated himself to (improve) his skills.

Correct: He dedicated himself to improving his skills.

Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ dedicate oneself to — to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ improving āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Relate to

Incorrect: Many people can relate to (feel) anxious before exams.

Correct: Many people can relate to feeling anxious before exams.

Explanation: relate to-āϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ feeling āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Surrender to

Incorrect: He surrendered to (live) a simple life.

Correct: He surrendered to living a simple life.

Explanation: surrender to-āϤ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ living āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Final Reminder:

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āĻ¨ā§‹Â phrase “to” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “to” preposition āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â V1 + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āϭ⧁āϞ:  He is used to wake up early.
āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•:  He is used to waking up early.


Rule 4: 

āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ word āφāϛ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ vš+ing āĻŦāĻž Gerund āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ Verb + Ing (Gerund) āĻāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ Verbš + Ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž Phrase/Expression āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋, āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ Phrase āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ Verb1+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ : Verb+ing+extension.

Example:

Incorrect: Do you mind (to close) the door?

Correct: Do you mind closing the door?

Explanation: mind āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ to close āϭ⧁āϞ, closing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: Would you mind (to help) me with this work?

Correct: Would you mind helping me with this work?

Explanation: would you mind āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ing form āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ to help āϭ⧁āϞ, helping āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: This book is worth (to read).

Correct: This book is worth reading.

Explanation: worth āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ infinitive (to + verb) āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻž; verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ reading āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: I can’t help (to laugh) at his joke.

Correct: I can’t help laughing at his joke.

Explanation: can’t help āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻž; āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ laughing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: She couldn’t help (to cry) after hearing the news.

Correct: She couldn’t help crying after hearing the news.

Explanation: couldn’t help—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ing form āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ crying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: He succeeded by (to work) hard.

Correct: He succeeded by working hard.

Explanation: by āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ working āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: He left without (to say) goodbye.

Correct: He left without saying goodbye.

Explanation: without āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ to say āϭ⧁āϞ, saying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: I look forward to (meet) you.

Correct: I look forward to meeting you.

Explanation: look forward to—āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ meeting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: She is used to (wake) up early.

Correct: She is used to waking up early.

Explanation: be used to āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž; āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ waking āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He is getting used to (drive) in the city.

Correct: He is getting used to driving in the city.

Explanation: get used to—āĻāϰ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ verb+ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ driving āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: She is committed to (help) the poor.

Correct: She is committed to helping the poor.

Explanation: committed to—āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ helping āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He is devoted to (teach) children.

Correct: He is devoted to teaching children.

Explanation: devoted to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ ing form āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ teaching āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: They are dedicated to (protect) the environment.

Correct: They are dedicated to protecting the environment.

Explanation: dedicated to—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ protecting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: Many people are opposed to (cut) down trees.

Correct: Many people are opposed to cutting down trees.

Explanation: opposed to—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ing form āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ cutting āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: She is accustomed to (work) late at night.

Correct: She is accustomed to working late at night.

Explanation: accustomed to—āĻāϰ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ working āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: He objected to (pay) extra fees.

Correct: He objected to paying extra fees.

Explanation: object to—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb+ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ paying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: They adjusted to (live) in a new country.

Correct: They adjusted to living in a new country.

Explanation: adjust to—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ing form āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ living āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: He reacted to (be) called lazy.

Correct: He reacted to being called lazy.

Explanation: react to—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ being āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: She is open to (try) new ideas.

Correct: She is open to trying new ideas.

Explanation: open to—āĻāϰ to preposition, āϤāĻžāχ trying āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He confessed to (steal) the money.

Correct: He confessed to stealing the money.

Explanation: confess to—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ing form āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ stealing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: Too much stress can lead to (feel) overwhelmed.

Correct: Too much stress can lead to feeling overwhelmed.

Explanation: lead to—āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ feeling āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Regular exercise contributes to (stay) healthy.

Correct: Regular exercise contributes to staying healthy.

Explanation: contribute to—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ staying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: They resorted to (cheat) to pass the exam.

Correct: They resorted to cheating to pass the exam.

Explanation: resort to—āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ing form āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ cheating āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: The discussion is limited to (talk) about politics.

Correct: The discussion is limited to talking about politics.

Explanation: limited to—āĻāϰ to preposition; āϤāĻžāχ talking āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻŦāϞ⧁āύ āϕ⧋āύāϟāĻŋ āϚāĻžāύ?


 Rule 5:

Modal= verbš+extension/Modal+be= verbÂŗ+extension.

Modal auxiliary verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ Verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇ āφāĻ°Â Modal auxiliary verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ be āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verbÂŗ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ Â Modal= verbš+extension./Modal+ be= verbÂŗ+extension.

  1. Can – āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻž
  2. Could – āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ / āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧇
  3. May – āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ / āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
  4. Might – āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇
  5. Shall – āωāϚāĻŋāϤ / āĻšāĻŦ⧇
  6. Should – āωāϚāĻŋāϤ
  7. Will – āĻšāĻŦ⧇ / āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ
  8. Would – āĻ•āϰāϤ / āĻ•āϰāϤ⧋ / āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ
  9. Must – āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ / āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻž
  10. Ought to – āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ / āωāϚāĻŋāϤ
  11. Need – āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ / āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ
  12. Dare – āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻž
  13. Used to – āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ
  14. Have to – āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻž / āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ
  15. Has to – āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻž / āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ
  16. Had to – āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ / āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ
  17.  be going to āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹
  18. am/is/are/was/were+ to āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ/āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ
Example:

Incorrect: She can (completed) the project.

Correct: She can complete the project.

Explanation : can āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ modal verb; modal verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ verbš (base form) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ completed āϭ⧁āϞ, complete āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: He could (repaired) the bicycle.

Correct: He could repair the bicycle.

Explanation : could āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ repaired āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: She may (baked) a cake.

Correct: She may bake a cake.

Explanation : may āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ baked āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: A cake may be (bake) by her.

Correct: A cake may be baked by her.

Explanation: may + be → āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ verbÂŗ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ baked āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: They might (organized) an event.

Correct: They might organize an event.

Explanation: might āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ organized āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: An event might be (organize) by them.

Correct: An event might be organized by them.

Explanation: might + be → āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ verbÂŗ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ organized āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: I shall (submitted) the report.

Correct: I shall submit the report.

Explanation : shall āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ submitted āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: The report shall be (submit) by me.

Correct: The report shall be submitted by me.

Explanation : shall + be → verbÂŗ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ submitted āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: You should (followed) the instructions.

Correct: You should follow the instructions.

Explanation: should āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ followed āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: They will (decorated) the hall.

Correct: They will decorate the hall.

Explanation: will āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ decorated āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: The hall will be (decorate) by them.

Correct: The hall will be decorated by them.

Explanation: will + be + verbÂŗ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ decorated āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: She would (designed) a new dress.

Correct: She would design a new dress.

Explanation: would āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ designed āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: A new dress would be (design) by her.

Correct: A new dress would be designed by her.

Explanation: would + be + verbÂŗ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤

________________________________________

Incorrect: You must (finished) the assignment.

Correct: You must finish the assignment.

Explanation: must āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ finished āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: The assignment must be (finish) by you.

Correct: The assignment must be finished by you.

Explanation: must + be + verbÂŗ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ finished āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: We ought to (helped) our teachers.

Correct: We ought to help our teachers.

Explanation : ought to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ helped āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: Our teachers ought to be (help) by us.

Correct: Our teachers ought to be helped by us.

Explanation : ought to + be + verbÂŗ → helped āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: She needs to (cleaned) the kitchen.

Correct: She needs to clean the kitchen.

Explanation : needs to + verbš āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ cleaned āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: He dares not (to touched) the snake.

Correct: He dares not touch the snake.

Explanation : dare not āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verbš āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ to touched āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: The snake dares not to be (touch) by him.

Correct: The snake dares not to be touched by him.

Explanation : to be + verbÂŗ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ touched āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: She used to (sang) classical songs.

Correct: She used to sing classical songs.

Explanation : used to + verbš āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ sang āϭ⧁āϞ, sing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: He has to (completed) his studies.

Correct: He has to complete his studies.

Explanation : has to + verbš āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ completed āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

________________________________________

Incorrect: His studies have to be (complete) by him.

Correct: His studies have to be completed by him.

Explanation (Bangla): have/has to + be + verbÂŗ → āϤāĻžāχ completed āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

________________________________________

Incorrect: She has to (attended) the meeting.

Correct: She has to attend the meeting.

Explanation (Bangla): has to + verbš āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ attended āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

________________________________________

Incorrect: The meeting has to be (attend) by her.

Correct: The meeting has to be attended by her.

Explanation (Bangla): has to + be + verbÂŗ → āϤāĻžāχ attended āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

________________________________________

Incorrect: They had to (accepted) the terms.

Correct: They had to accept the terms.

Explanation (Bangla): had to + verbš āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ accepted āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

________________________________________

Incorrect: The terms had to be (accept) by them.

Correct: The terms had to be accepted by them.

Explanation: had to + be + verbÂŗ → accepted āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

 Rule 6: Zero Conditional 

Zero Conditional āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύ⧀āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āϤāĻĨā§āϝ, āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻ—āϤ āϘāϟāύāĻžÂ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:
  • Zero conditional-āĻÂ Present Simple Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϤāĻĨā§āĻ¯Â āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯Â āĻŦāĻžÂ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻ—āϤ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽÂ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ (real situations) āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Zero Conditional-āĻāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ:

  •  āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύ⧀āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  •  āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āχ Present Simple Tense āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
  •  āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  •  If āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ When āωāϭ⧟āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ (āϝāĻ–āύ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύ⧀āύ āĻšā§Ÿ)āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ If + Present Simple/Indefinite , Present Simple/Indefinite.

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ If+ subj āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ +vš āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ +obj = subj āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ +vš āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ +obj.

Example:

Incorrect: If you mix red and yellow, it (gets) orange.

Correct: If you mix red and yellow, it gets orange.

Explanation :

  • Zero conditional āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • Zero conditional-āĻāϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āχ Present Simple tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿâ€”if-clause āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ main clause āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āϤ⧇āχāĨ¤
  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ subject it—āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύāĨ¤ Present Simple-āĻ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ third person subject āĻšāϞ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ –s / –es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ get āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ getsāĨ¤
  • āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ → āϞāĻžāϞ āφāϰ āĻšāϞ⧁āĻĻ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿâ€”āϤāĻžāχ gets āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

Incorrect: If water (reach) 100°C, it (boil).

Correct: If water reaches 100°C, it boils.

Explanation :

  • Zero conditional āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ: āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ clause-āχ Present Simple āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • water āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻšā§Ÿâ€”āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ –s āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ reach āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϭ⧁āϞ; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• reachesāĨ¤
  • āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ result clause-āĻ boil base form āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž; subject it āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ → boils āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
  • āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ°āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āĻŸā§‡ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡â€”āϤāĻžāχ Present Simple + verb-s/es āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĨ¤

Incorrect: If you touch fire, it (burn) you.

Correct: If you touch fire, it burns you.

Explanation :

  • Zero conditional āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻāĻŽāύ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ condition āĻ“ result āωāϭ⧟ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āχ Present Simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ result clause-āĻāϰ subject āĻšāϞ⧋ it—āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϭ⧁āϞ: burn
  • āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•: burns
  • āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: Present Simple tense + third person singular subject → verb + s/esāĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ “āφāϗ⧁āύ āϛ⧁āρāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§‹ā§œāĻžā§Ÿâ€â€”āĻāχ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ burns āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

Incorrect: If the sun (set), it (become) dark.

Correct: If the sun sets, it becomes dark.

Explanation :

  • Zero conditional āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹: If + Present Simple, Present SimpleāĨ¤
  • “the sun” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ –s āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇ → setsāĨ¤
  • result clause-āĻāϰ subject “it”—āĻāϟāĻŋāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ becomes āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤
  • set āĻŦāĻž become base form āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ Zero conditional-āĻ third person singular subject āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž verb + s/es āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ → āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĨ¤

Incorrect: If you press the switch, the light (turn) on.

Correct: If you press the switch, the light turns on.

Explanation :

  • Zero conditional āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ, āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿâ€”āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āφāϚāϰāĻŖāĨ¤
  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ result clause-āĻāϰ subject the light—āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ –s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ → turnsāĨ¤
  • turn base form āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ Present Simple + singular subject āĻšāϞ⧇ verb + s/es āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ “āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏ⧁āχāϚ āϚāĻžāĻĒāϞ⧇ āφāϞ⧋ āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡â€â€”āĻāχ fixed truth āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ turns āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Rule 7:

First Conditional (Present Conditional) 

First Conditional āĻŦāĻžÂ Present Conditional āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤Â āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāĻ°Â āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛Â āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϘāϟāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

 āĻ—āĻ āύ: If + Present Indefinite =Future Indefinite.

āĻŦāĻžāσIf + subj+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verbš+obj = Subj+ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ will+ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verbš+obj.

  • If-clause (āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ) → Present Simple Tense
  • Main clause (āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ) → will + Verbš

Usage (āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ):
1. āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ:

āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ, āϝāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

If you don’t hurry, you will miss the bus.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)

2. āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇:

āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϘāϟāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻ–āύ First Conditional āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Example:

Incorrect: If you don’t hurry, you (misses) the bus.

Correct: If you don’t hurry, you will miss the bus.

Explanation :

  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ if-clause: you don’t hurry → Present IndefiniteāĨ¤
  • āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€:
  • “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Present Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ Future Indefinite āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€
  • āϤāĻžāχ principal clause āĻšāĻŦ⧇ will + base verb → will missāĨ¤
  • future marker will–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋āχ verb-āĻ s/es āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Incorrect: If you water the plants, they  (grows) faster.

Correct: If you water the plants, they will grow faster.

Explanation:

  • If-clause: you water the plants → Present IndefiniteāĨ¤
  • āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€:
  • “if āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ clause āϝāĻĻāĻŋ present Indefinite tense āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ principal clause future indefinite tense āĻ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€
  • āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž principal clause-āĻ will + base verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • grows āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ Present Simple-āĻāϰ 3rd person singular form āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ will-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋āχ s/es āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • will grow āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ modal/future auxiliary will–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ base form-āχ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: If you feel sick, you  (sees) a doctor.

Correct: If you feel sick, you should see a doctor.

Explanation :

  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ if-clause: you feel sick → Present IndefiniteāĨ¤
  • āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
  • “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Present Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ Future Indefinite āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€
  • āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇:
  • main clause-āĻ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ will āύāϝāĻŧ, modal verbs (should, can, may)-āĻ“ āφāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • modal verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āχ base verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • sees āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ modal verb should–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ base form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ should see āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

Incorrect: If you finish your homework, you can (plays) outside.

Correct: If you finish your homework, you can play outside.

Explanation :

  • If-clause: you finish your homework → Present IndefiniteāĨ¤
  • āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€:
  • “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Present Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ Future Indefinite āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āφāϰ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āχ will āύāĻž, modal verb-āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
  • plays āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ can–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ can play āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

Alternative Forms (āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϰ⧂āĻĒ):
  •  If + Present Simple,=Sub+ may/might/can/should/must +  Verbš
  •  If it rains, we might stay at home. (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦāĨ¤)
  •  If you want to pass, you must study harder. (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻ“, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)

Common Mistakes (āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϭ⧁āϞ):
  • Incorrect: If you will study, you will pass the exam.
  • correct: If you study, you will pass the exam. 
  • Note: If-clause āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋āχ will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Key Points to Remember (āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟ):
  • First Conditional āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • If-clause āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Present Simple āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • Main clause āĻ will/can/may/should āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Quick Summary Table (āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻŸā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāϞ)
StructureExampleMeaning (āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ)
If + Present Simple,= will +  VerbšIf you work hard, you will succeed.āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
If + Present Simple, can/might/must + Base VerbIf you eat too much, you might feel sick.āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
If + Present Simple, should + Base VerbIf you are tired, you should rest.āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Example:

  1.  If it rain, we stay at home. (rains, will stay)
    If it rains, we will stay at home.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‹āĨ¤)

  2.  If she not finish her work, she be late. (does not finish, will be)
    If she does not finish her work, she will be late.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)

  3.  If they leave now, they reach on time. (leave, will reach)
     If they leave now, they will reach on time.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)

  4.  If you not take an umbrella, you get wet. (do not take, will get)
     If you do not take an umbrella, you will get wet.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāϤāĻž āύāĻž āύāĻžāĻ“, āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāϜāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)

  5.  If we miss the bus, we walk home. (miss, will walk)
     If we miss the bus, we will walk home.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻšā§‡āρāĻŸā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§‹āĨ¤)

Rule 8:Past/Second Conditional:

āĻ—āĻ āύ :If+Past Indefinite=Past Conditional

āĻŦāĻžāσ If āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + Sub+verb²+obj,= Subj+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ Would/Could/Might+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰverbš āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ+obj.


āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:

If-Clause (First Part): āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ past Indefinite tense / If āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + Sub+verb²+obj, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Main Clause (Second Part): āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ Subj+ would + verbš +Obj āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤Â  Past Indefinite āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Example:

incorrect: If he bought a little more time, he would completes the task easily.
correct: If he bought a little more time, he would complete the task easily.
Explanation: “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ past conditional  āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€ past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If they saved enough money, they buys a new computer.
correct: If they saved enough money, they could buy a new computer.
explanation: “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ past conditional  āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€ past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If she knew the answer, she tells you.
correct: If she knew the answer, she might tell you.
explanation:“āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ past conditional  āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€ past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If I had enough courage, I starts my own business.
correct: If I had enough courage, I would start my own business.
explanation: “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ past conditional  āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€ past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If the weather improved, we goes for a long walk.
correct: If the weather improved, we could go for a long walk.
explanation: “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ past conditional  āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€ past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If I had a car, I would drives to my office.
correct: If I had a car, I would drive to my office.
explanation:“āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ past conditional  āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€ past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If I were you, I would accepts the proposal.
correct: If I were you, I would accept the proposal.
explanation: “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ past conditional  āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€ past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If we had more savings, we would travelled around the globe.
correct: If we had more savings, we would travel around the globe.
explanation: “āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past Indefinite āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ past conditional  āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤â€ past conditional āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ Subject+ would/could/might/should+verbš+object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ:
1. “Were” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ (āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ)

“Was” āĻāϰ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ “Were” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āύ⧟, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ (unreal) āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿâ€”āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ subject āϝāĻĻāĻŋ I, he, she āĻŦāĻž it-āĻ“ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

√If I were a bird, I  fly in the sky.
×If I was a bird, I would fly in the sky. (āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ)

⇒ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ hypothetical (āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ•) āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡Â â€œwere” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


2. “Could” āĻŦāĻž “Might” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ

 “Would” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ “Could” āĻŦāĻž “Might” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

 āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â â€œcould” āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžÂ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āφāĻ°Â â€œmight” āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāϝāĻŧāϤāĻžÂ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏ⧂āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āύ⧇āχāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ If+ Past Indefinite=Past Conditional.

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ If +Subj āϤāĻžāĻ°Â  āĻĒāϰ⧇ + v² āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ +obj = Subj āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ +would/could/might/should āϤāĻžāĻ°Â āĻĒāϰ⧇+ vš āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ +obj .

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

 If I be a king, I help the poor. (were, would help)=If I were a king, I would help the poor.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)

 If she have a car, she go to college easily. (had, would go)= If she had a car, she would go to college easily.
(āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧋, āϏ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻ•āϞ⧇āĻœā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧋āĨ¤)

āύ⧋āϟ:

  • “Be” āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡Â I, he, she, it āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“Â â€œwere” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
    āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: If I were a bird, If he were rich, etc.
  • āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āύāĻž, āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Example:
 If I be a bird, I fly in the sky. (were, would fly)= If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.

Bangla Meaning:
 āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋ āĻšāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ  āωāĻĄāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŽ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āĨ¤


More Examples:
  1.  If she have more time, she travel the world. (had, would travel)= If she had more time, she would travel the world.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧋, āϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧋āĨ¤)

  2.  If they win the lottery, they buy a big house. (won, would buy)= If they won the lottery, they would buy a big house.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϞāϟāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϜāĻŋāϤāϤ⧋, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāύāϤ⧋āĨ¤)

  3.  If we go to Mars, we see amazing landscapes. (went, would see)= If we went to Mars, we would see amazing landscapes.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŽāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϚāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϤāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤)

  4.  If you study harder, you pass the exam easily. (studied, would pass)= If you studied harder, you would pass the exam easily.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇, āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡āχ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āĨ¤)

  5.  If he be taller, he play basketball. (were, would play)= If he were taller, he would play basketball.
    (āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧇ āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋, āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϟāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧋āĨ¤)


 Rule 9: Perfect Conditional (Third Conditional) 

Definition: Perfect Conditional (Third Conditional) āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻžÂ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ āϝāĻž āϘāϟāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤ⧋, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āύāĻŋāĨ¤

āϕ⧇āĻ¨Â āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°Â āĻ•āϰāĻŋ?

  •  āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋāĨ¤
  •  āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āφāĻĢāϏ⧋āϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§‹āϚāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
  •  āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ, “āĻāϟāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ“āϟāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§‹â€â€”āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ : If+ Past Perfect=Perfect Conditional āĻŦāĻžāσ If āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + Past Perfect= Subj+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ Would/Could/Might+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ have+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°Â  Past Participle/verbÂŗ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ+obj.

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

 Incorrect: If he leave earlier, he catch the train.

 Correct: If he had left earlier, he would have caught the train.

Explanation:

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ/āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡â€”āϏ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāϤ⧋, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āϧāϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ Third ConditionalāĨ¤ Third Conditional-āĻ if-clause-āĻ had + past participle (V₃) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ leave (V₁) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ Principal clause-āĻ would have + V₃ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϭ⧁āϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ catch (V₁) āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ had left āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ would have caught āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


 Incorrect: If they prepare well, they win the match.

Correct: If they had prepared well, they would have won the match.

 Explanation:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡â€”āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϚ āϜāĻŋāϤāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ Third ConditionalāĨ¤ āϭ⧁āϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ V₁ (prepare, win) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ/āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ had + V₃ (had prepared) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ would have + V₃ (would have won) āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāĨ¤


 Incorrect: If you listen to me, you not make that mistake.

 Correct: If you had listened to me, you would not have made that mistake.

 Explanation:

āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϝāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āύāĻŋ—āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ Third ConditionalāĨ¤ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ listen āĻ“ make V₁ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āύ⧟āĨ¤ Third Conditional-āĻ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻšāϞ had listened āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ would not have made (would have + V₃)āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


 Incorrect: If she invite me, I go to the party.

 Correct: If she had invited me, I would have gone to the party.

Explanation:

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡â€”āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āϜāĻžāύāĻžā§ŸāύāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻžāχāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāĨ¤ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ present form (invite, go) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž conditional type-3-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻšāĻ˛â€”if-clause-āĻ had invited, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ would have goneāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


 Incorrect: If we leave on time, we reach there earlier.

 Correct: If we had left on time, we would have reached there earlier.

Explanation:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡â€”āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāχāύāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāχ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ simple present (leave, reach) āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž type-1 conditional-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ type-3-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ had left (had + V₃) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ principal clause-āĻ would have reached (would have + V₃)āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāĨ¤

 Rule 10:  

“So that” & “In order that” āϝāĻžāϤ⧇/ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ Main clause + so that + subject +(can/could/may/might  + verbš+obj.

“So that” āĻ“ “In order that” āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ modal verb (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: He speaks clearly so that his students (grasp) the lesson.
correct: He speaks clearly so that his students can grasp the lesson.
explanation: “so that”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â modal verb + V₁ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “grasp” āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ modal verb āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āϤāĻžāχ “can grasp” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: She woke up early so that she (reach) the station in time.
correct: She woke up early so that she could reach the station in time.
explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ “could + V₁” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “reach” āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ā§‡Â could āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: We save money so that we (buy) a new computer.
correct: We save money so that we may buy a new computer.
explanation: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â may + V₁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “may buy” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤


incorrect: I will repeat the instruction in order that you (follow) it properly.
correct: I will repeat the instruction in order that you may follow it properly.
explanation: “in order that” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ modal + V₁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ “follow” āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ā§‡Â may āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: He practices regularly in order that he (improve) his performance.
correct: He practices regularly in order that he can improve his performance.
explanation: āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â can + V₁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “can improve”–āχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Key Points (āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ):
  • “So that” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “In order that” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Modal Verb (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Modal Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb-āĻāϰ base form (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϰ⧂āĻĒ) āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • “So that” āĻĻ⧈āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, “In order that” āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āφāύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ:

  • So that →Subj+ Can, Could, May, Might  + Base form/verbš+ex
  • In order that → Subj+ Can, Could, May, Might  + Base form/verbš+ex

 Rule 11: “Soâ€Ļthat”

Definition: “Soâ€Ļthat” āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ correlative conjunction, āϝāĻžÂ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ (cause and effect) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ Subject āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + verb + so + adjective āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ + that + subj+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ can/could+(not)+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verbš+objâ€Ļâ€Ļâ€Ļâ€Ļâ€Ļ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ Not āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤Â 
  •  Example: The tea was so hot that I  drink it.= couldn’t drink (āϚāĻž āĻāϤ āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤)
  •  Example: He ran so fast that he won the race.  (āϏ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻĻ⧌⧜āĻžāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧌⧜ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϜāĻŋāϤāϞāĨ¤)
  •  Example: She has so many friends that she never feels lonely. (āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϤ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āφāϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϕ⧀ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤)
  •  Example: The math problem was so difficult that I had to ask my teacher for help. (āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻāϤ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āϚāĻžāχāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
  •  Example: She spoke so clearly that everyone understand her.= could understand  (āϏ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

incorrect: The soup was so spicy that I (eat) it.
correct: The soup was so spicy that I couldn’t eat it.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “soâ€Ļthat” āĻ—āĻ āύ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦā§‡Â can/could not + V₁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ “eat” āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻ¤ā§‡Â couldn’t eat āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: He ran so quickly that he (wins) the competition.
correct: He ran so quickly that he won the competition.
explanation: “soâ€Ļthat” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡Â sequence of tense āĻŽāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb past āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ⧇āĻ“ past āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “wins” āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ “won” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: She owns so many books that she (forget) their names.
correct: She owns so many books that she forgets their names.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻ—āϤ, āϤāĻžāχ “so many + noun + that” āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ clause-āĻÂ present simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ “forget” āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ habit āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â forgets āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The task was so tough that I (to ask) for support.
correct: The task was so tough that I had to ask for support.
explanation: “soâ€Ļthat” āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡Â had to + V₁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ “to ask” āĻ—āĻ āύāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: She spoke so softly that the kids (understand) her.
correct: She spoke so softly that the kids could understand her.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡Â could + V₁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ “soâ€Ļthat” āĻ—āĻ āύ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž (ability) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “understand” āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Rule 12: Sequence of Tense

Definition: “Sequence of Tense” (āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ) āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ (Main Clause) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ (Subordinate Clause) āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž (verb) āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ:
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ (verb) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻ“ (verb) āϏ⧇āχ Tense-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


 Rule 1: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ (Main Clause) Present āĻŦāĻž Future Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ → āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ Tense āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Structure: Main Clause (Present/Future) + Subordinate Clause (Any Tense)

 Examples:

  •  He says that he is happy. (āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤) (Present)
  •  She will tell us what she wants. (āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāϞāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϕ⧀ āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)(Present)
  •  He believes that they will win the match. (āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϚ āϜāĻŋāϤāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)(Future)
  •  She knows that he lived in Dhaka before. (āϏ⧇ āϜāĻžāύ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤāĨ¤)(Past)

 Explanation:āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ Present āĻŦāĻž Future Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇, āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤


Rule 2: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ (Main Clause) Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ → āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Past Tense āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Structure: Main Clause (Past) + Subordinate Clause (Past)

 Examples:

  • He said that he was happy. (āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻļāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
  • She told me that she wanted a new phone. (āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĢā§‹āύ āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)
  • They thought that the train would arrive late. (āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϭ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤)
  • She realized that she had made a mistake. (āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

 Explanation:

  • āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇, āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ“ Past Tense āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ Past Perfect Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Rule 3: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ → āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ → āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Past Perfect Tense āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 Structure:Main Clause (Past) + Subordinate Clause (Past Perfect)

Examples:

  • He said that he had finished his homework. (āϏ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
  • She realized that she had lost her keys. (āϏ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϞ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϚāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤)
  • They knew that the train had already left. (āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϜāĻžāύāϤ āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύāϟāĻŋ āχāϤ⧋āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›ā§‡ā§œā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤)

 Rule 4: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Universal Truth āĻŦāĻž Scientific Fact āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ → Subordinate Clause-āĻ Present Tense āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Structure:Main Clause (Past) + Subordinate Clause (Present – Universal Truth)

 Examples:

  • The teacher mentioned that the sun comes up in the east.
    (āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤)
  •  He told us that water boils at 100°C. (āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāϞāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ°āϏ⧇-āϤ⧇ āĻĢā§‹āĻŸā§‡āĨ¤)
  • She mentioned that the earth moves around the sun. (āϏ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‹āϰ⧇āĨ¤)
  •  Our professor explained that ice melts at 0°C. (āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāϰāĻĢ ā§Ļ°āϏ⧇-āϤ⧇ āĻ—āϞ⧇āĨ¤)

 Explanation:

āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύ⧀āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ (Universal Truth) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āϤāĻĨā§āϝ (Scientific Fact) āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ Past Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“, āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ Present Tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤)

 Conclusion (āωāĻĒāϏāĻ‚āĻšāĻžāϰ):

“Sequence of Tense” āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āĻ°Â āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ (time consistency) āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻ“ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āφāϰ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ› āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻš āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Rule 13:

Wish/fancy āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύāσ 1. Wish = Subject+āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb²/Would āĻŦāĻž Could+verb1+Object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: I wish I (have) a small cottage near the river.

correct: I wish I had a small cottage near the river.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ *past form (had) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ Present form “have” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧋ Wish = Subject + verb² + object.


incorrect: She wishes she (is) a bit more confident in public.

correct: She wishes she were a bit more confident in public.

explanation: wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž unreal present āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ were  āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ singular subject āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “is” āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: We wish today (is) a festival day.

correct: We wish today were a festival day.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāϜ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āύāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ present situationāĨ¤ āĻāϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ **past form (were)** āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇, “is” āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: He wishes he (has) enough money to buy that laptop.

correct: He wishes he had enough money to buy that laptop.

explanation: wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯Â  past form had  āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ “has” āĻŦāϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: They wish their village (is) quieter at night.

correct: They wish their village were quieter at night.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ **were** āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇, “is” āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


 Rule 14:

It is time to/It is time 

āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ 1: It is time + (for + noun/pronoun) + to + verbš

Usage: āĻāχ āĻ—āĻ āύāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ“ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Formula:  It is time + (for + noun/pronoun) + to + verbš

Examples with Incorrect Verbs:

incorrect: It is time for you to went to class. (went)

correct: It is time for you to go to class.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “to” āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ infinitive marker, āφāϰ to-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ verb-āĻāϰ base form (Vš) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “went” āϭ⧁āϞ, “go” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: It is time for us to eats our meal. (eats)

correct: It is time for us to eat our meal.

explanation: “to” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ Vš āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ “eats” āĻšāϞ⧋ singular present form, āϝāĻž infinitive-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤


incorrect: It is time for the baby to sleeps now. (sleeps)

correct: It is time for the baby to sleep now.

explanation: Infinitive structure (to + Vš) āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ “sleep” āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “sleeps” āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤


āĻ—āĻ āύāĻƒÂ 2: It is time + subject +āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°Â Â verb²+obj

Usage:

  • āĻāχ āĻ—āĻ āύāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ  āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§€āĻ˜ā§āϰāχ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
    āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ past simple tense-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Formula:
 It is time + subject + āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb²+obj

Examples with Incorrect Verbs:

incorrect: It is time we (goes) home.

correct: It is time we went home.

explanation: “It is time + subject + verb²” — āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “goes” āϭ⧁āϞ, “went” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: It is time you (does) your homework.

correct: It is time you did your homework.

explanation: “It is time”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ subject āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past indefinite āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “does” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž, “did” āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: It is time she (takes) a break.

correct: It is time she took a break.

explanation: “It is time + subject + past form” āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ “takes” āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ took āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻ āύāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


 Rule 15:

Prepositions āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ Verbš+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
1. Prepositions of Place (āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•)
  • In – āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇, āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇
  • On – āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ (āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ)
  • At – āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇
  • Under – āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡
  • Over – āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ (āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āύāϝāĻŧ)
  • Above – āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ (āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇)
  • Below – āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ (āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϤāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇)
  • Between – āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡
  • Among – āĻ…āύ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇
  • Behind – āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āύ⧇
  • In front of – āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇
  • Next to / Beside – āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇
2. Prepositions of Time (āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•)
  • In – āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ (āĻŦāĻ›āϰ, āĻŽāĻžāϏ, āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€, āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ)
    • Example: in 2024, in December, in the morning
  • On – āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϖ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ
    • Example: on Monday, on 15th August
  • At – āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ
    • Example: at 5 PM, at midnight
  • By – āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇
    • Example: by 10 AM (ā§§ā§ĻāϟāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇)
  • Before – āφāϗ⧇
  • After – āĻĒāϰ⧇
  • Since – āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ (Past Perfect Tense)
  • For – āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āϧāϰ⧇
3. Prepositions of Direction (āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•)
  • To – āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ (āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ) ( to āϝāĻĻāĻŋ preposition āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb1+ing āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ to āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Infinitive maker āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb1 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤)
  • Into – āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž
  • Out of – āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇
  • Onto – āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
  • Off – āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻž
  • From – āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇
  • Toward – āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇
4. Prepositions of Manner (āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ)
  • By – āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ, āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—)
  • With – āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž (āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇)
  • Like – āĻŽāϤ⧋
5. Prepositions of Cause, Reason, and Purpose (āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•)
  • Because of – āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇
  • Due to – āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇
  • For – āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ
6. Prepositions of Comparison and Contrast (āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦ⧈āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ¤ā§āϝ)
  • Like – āĻŽāϤ⧋
  • Unlike – āĻŽāϤ āύāϝāĻŧ
  • As – āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇
7. Prepositions of Possession (āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•)
  • Of – āĻāϰ
  • With – āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇
  • To – āĻ•āĻžāϰ
8. Prepositions of Agency (āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•)
  • By – āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž
  • With – āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž
9. Prepositions of Measurement, Rate, or Value (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ, āĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•)
  • At – āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāϰ⧇
  • By – āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇
10. Prepositions of Exception (āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•)
  • Except – āĻŦā§āϝāϤ⧀āϤ
  • Apart from – āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇
11. Compound Prepositions (āϝ⧌āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—)
  • According to – āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€
  • Instead of – āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇
  • Because of – āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇
  • Due to – āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇
  • In spite of – āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“
  • On behalf of – āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇
  • With regard to – āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇
12. Double Prepositions (āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—)
  • Out of – āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇
  • Into – āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇
  • Onto – āωāĻĒāϰ⧇
  • From behind – āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇
13. Phrasal Prepositions (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—)
  • In front of – āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇
  • In place of – āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇
  • On top of – āωāĻĒāϰ⧇
  • With reference to – āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ

Example:

  1. She is interested in read novels.  Answer: (reading)
    āϏ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤

  2. They are good at play football. Answer: (playing)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞāϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĨ¤

  3. He apologized for be late. Answer: (being)
    āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

  4. We are thinking about go on a trip. Answer: (going)
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻĢāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤

  5. She is afraid of swim in deep water. Answer: (swimming)
    āϏ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāρāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϤ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

  6. He is tired of work all day. Answer: (working)
    āϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤

  7. They are interested in learn new languages. Answer: (learning)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤

  8. I am worried about lose my phone. Answer: (losing)
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĢā§‹āύ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāύ⧋ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  9. She is excited about travel to Europe. Answer: (traveling)
    āϏ⧇ āχāωāϰ⧋āĻĒ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  10. He is capable of solve difficult problems. Answer: (solving)
    āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤


  1. She is fond of eat chocolates. Answer: (eating)
    āϏ⧇ āϚāĻ•āϞ⧇āϟ āϖ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

  2. He is interested in watch movies. Answer: (watching)
    āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤

  3. They are worried about fail the exam.Answer: (failing)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĢ⧇āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  4. I am tired of wait for the bus. Answer: (waiting)
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤

  5. She is responsible for manage the event. Answer: (managing)
    āϏ⧇ āχāϭ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

  6. He is afraid of speak in public.Answer: (speaking)
    āϏ⧇ āϜāύāϏāĻŽāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

  7. They are capable of do difficult tasks.Answer: (doing)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤

  8. I am interested in write stories. Answer: (writing)
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤

  9. She is excited about start a new job. Answer: (starting)
    āϏ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  10. He is famous for sing beautiful songs. Answer: (singing)
    āϏ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻ—āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĨ¤

  11. We are thinking about move to a new city.Answer: (moving)
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤

  12. She apologized for forget my birthday. Answer: (forgetting)
    āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϭ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

  13. He is bad at draw pictures. Answer: (drawing)
    āϏ⧇ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āφāρāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

  14. They are interested in explore new places. Answer: (exploring)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāϤ⧁āύ āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ—āĻž āϘ⧁āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤

  15. I am scared of ride a bicycle. Answer: (riding)
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāχāϕ⧇āϞ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāχāĨ¤


  1. She is interested in dance at the party.Answer: (dancing)
    āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύāĻžāϚāϤ⧇ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤

  2. He is afraid of climb tall trees. Answer: (climbing)
    āϏ⧇ āωāρāϚ⧁ āĻ—āĻžāϛ⧇ āωāĻ āϤ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

  3. They are tired of do the same work every day.Answer: (doing)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤

  4. I am worried about miss the train. Answer: (missing)
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  5. She is good at cook delicious food. Answer: (cooking)
    āϏ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧁ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĨ¤

  6. He is bad at solve math problems.Answer: (solving)
    āϏ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

  7. We are excited about visit the amusement park. (visiting)
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāωāϜāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  8. She apologized for break the vase. (breaking)
    āϏ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϞāĻĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

  9. He is capable of run a business.Answer: (running)
    āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤

  10. They are interested in paint landscapes. Answer: (painting)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āφāρāĻ•āϤ⧇ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤

  11. I am scared of drive at night. Answer: (driving)
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāχāĨ¤

  12. She is famous for act in movies. Answer: (acting)
    āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāύāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĨ¤

  13. He is responsible for take care of his siblings.Answer: (taking care)
    āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ­āĻžāχāĻŦā§‹āύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

  14. They are thinking about change their jobs. Answer: (changing)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϛ⧇āĨ¤

  15. She is fond of collect old coins. Answer: (collecting)
    āϏ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āĨ¤

  16. He is afraid of speak English in public. Answer: (speaking)
    āϏ⧇ āϜāύāϏāĻŽāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

  17. I am interested in learn new skills. Answer: (learning)
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĨ¤

  18. She is capable of handle difficult situations. Answer: (handling)
    āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤

  19. We are worried about not find a good hotel. Answer: (not finding)
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻšā§‹āĻŸā§‡āϞ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  20. They are tired of listen to the same song repeatedly. Answer: (listening)
    āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āύāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤

  21. He apologized for not reply to my message. Answer: (not replying)
    āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‡āϏ⧇āĻœā§‡āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āύāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĻž āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

  22. She is excited about attend the wedding. Answer: (attending)
    āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϤ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

  23. I am bad at remember people’s names.Answer: (remembering)
    āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āύāχāĨ¤

  24. He is famous for write best-selling novels.Answer: (writing)
    āϏ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āωāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĨ¤

  25. We are thinking about start a new business. Answer: (starting)
    āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤


Rule 16:

Causative Verbs āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ Structures
ā§§. āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ Causative Verbs
  • Make (āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž)
  • Have (āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋)
  • Get (āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋)
  • Let (āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)
  • Help (āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž)
⧍. Causative Verbs-āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ.
(A) “Make” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ (āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž)

Structure:  Subject + make + object āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ =verbš/object  āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ =verbÂŗ

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 The teacher made the students write an essay. (āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰāϚāύāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤)
 His parents made him clean his room. (āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϘāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤)

 His parents made his room cleaned by him . (āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϘāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤)

incorrect: The coach made the players (runs) five laps.

correct: The coach made the players run five laps.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ players āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ object, āϤāĻžāχ “made + object + verb¹” āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ “runs” āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ causative make-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ base form āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: The manager made the workers (finish) the task early.

correct: The manager made the workers finish the task early.

explanation: workers āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ living object, āϤāĻžāχ “finish” base form āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ bracket verb āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: Her mother made her (cooks) dinner.

correct: Her mother made her cook dinner.

explanation: make + living object + verbš āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ “cook” āĻšāĻŦ⧇, “cooks” āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ base form āϚāĻžāχāĨ¤


incorrect: The instructor made the trainees (practice) longer hours.

correct: The instructor made the trainees practise longer hours.

explanation: trainees āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ object, āϤāĻžāχ make-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ “practise” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• base formāĨ¤


incorrect: The leader made them (carries) the boxes upstairs.

correct: The leader made them carry the boxes upstairs.

explanation: them āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ object āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ “carry” base form āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇; “carries” āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

________________________________________

incorrect: The storm made the windows (breaks) suddenly.

correct: The storm made the windows broken suddenly.

explanation: windows non-living object, āϤāĻžāχ “made + object + verbÂŗâ€ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ “breaks” āϭ⧁āϞ, “broken” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: Heavy rain made the road (flood) quickly.

correct: Heavy rain made the road flooded quickly.

explanation: road āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ non-living āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁, āϤāĻžāχ verbÂŗ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ “flooded” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• participleāĨ¤


incorrect: The wind made the door (opens) by itself.

correct: The wind made the door opened by itself.

explanation: door āĻ…āĻœā§€āĻŦ object, āϤāĻžāχ “opened” (verbÂŗ) āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ “opens” āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The heat made the metal (expand) excessively.

correct: The heat made the metal expanded excessively.

explanation: metal non-living, āϤāĻžāχ causative make-āĻ verbÂŗ āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ “expanded” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: The snowfall made the path (covers) with ice.

correct: The snowfall made the path covered with ice.

explanation: path āĻ…āĻœā§€āĻŦ object āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ here “covered” (verbÂŗ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĨ¤ “covers” āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


(B) “Have” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ (āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋)

Structure:  Subject + have/has + object āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ =verbš/object  āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ =verbÂŗ

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

  • incorrect: I had my car (fixes) by the mechanic.
  • correct: I had my car fixed by the mechanic.
  • explanation: “have + object + past participle (VÂŗ)” — causative structure-āĻ object-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ VÂŗ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “fixes” āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧇āω (mechanic) āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ fixed, āϝāĻž passive-āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ causative formāĨ¤
(C) “Get” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ (āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋)

Structure: Subject + get/got + object āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ = to+verbš/object  āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ =verbÂŗ

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

incorrect: I had my car (fixes) by the mechanic.
correct: I had my car fixed by the mechanic.
explanation: “have + object + past participle (VÂŗ)” — causative structure-āĻÂ object-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ VÂŗÂ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “fixes” āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧇āω (mechanic) āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§‡Â fixed, āϝāĻž passive-āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ causative formāĨ¤

(D) “Let” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ (āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž)

Structure:  Subject + let + object āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ =verbš

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 My parents let me stay out late. (āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤)
 He let his son play video games. (āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āϗ⧇āĻŽ āϖ⧇āϞāϤ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

(E) “Help” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ (āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž)

Structure:  Subject + help + object āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ =verbš

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 She helped me complete the project. (āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)
 He helped his friend to move the furniture. (āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

 Rule 17:

No Sooner / Scarcely / Hardly – āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ

āĻāχ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡Â Past Perfect Tense āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â Past Indefinite Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 No Soonerâ€ĻThan (āϝ⧇āχ āύāĻž â€Ļ āϤāĻ–āύāχ/āϤ⧇ â€ĻāύāĻž â€Ļâ€Ļâ€ĻāϤ⧇ )

Structure:  No sooner had + subject + VÂŗÂ (past participle) + than + subject + V² (past simple)=32

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

incorrect: No sooner Sara (reached) the bus stop than the bus left.
correct: No sooner had Sara reached the bus stop than the bus left.
explanation: “No sooner” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â inversion āĻšā§Ÿâ€”āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž auxiliary verb (had) subject-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “No sooner Sara reachedâ€Ļ” āϭ⧁āϞ; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϞ⧋ “No sooner had I reachedâ€Ļ”.


incorrect: No sooner she (finished) her lunch than the visitors arrived.
correct: No sooner had she finished her lunch than the visitors arrived.
explanation: “No sooner” āĻāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ past perfect + inversion āϚāĻžāχāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “No sooner she finishedâ€Ļ” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž; “No sooner had she finishedâ€Ļ” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ⧇āχ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


 Scarcelyâ€ĻWhen (āϝ⧇āχ āύāĻž â€Ļ āϤāĻ–āύāχ/āϤ⧇ â€ĻāύāĻž â€Ļâ€Ļâ€ĻāϤ⧇ )

Structure: Scarcely had + subject + VÂŗÂ (past participle) + when + subject + V² (past simple)

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

incorrect: Scarcely had we (start) the exam when the bell rang.
correct: Scarcely had we started the exam when the bell rang.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â Scarcely + had + subject + VÂŗÂ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “start” āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ past participle “started” āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤


incorrect: Scarcely had he (fall) asleep when someone knocked at the door.
correct: Scarcely had he fallen asleep when someone knocked at the door.
explanation: Scarcely-āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â had + VÂŗÂ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “fall” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧ, “fallen” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ verb-āĻāϰ past participleāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āχ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻžā§Ž āϘāϟāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: Scarcely had the children (finish) their work when the lights went out.
correct: Scarcely had the children finished their work when the lights went out.
explanation: Scarcely āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡Â VÂŗÂ āφāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ•āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “finish” āϭ⧁āϞ, “finished” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡â€”āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϤ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤


 Hardlyâ€ĻWhen (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡)

Structure: Hardly had + subject + VÂŗÂ (past participle) + when + subject + V² (past simple)

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

incorrect: Hardly had the movie (begin) when the power went off.
correct: Hardly had the movie begun when the power went off.
explanation: Hardly āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡â€”had + VÂŗāĨ¤ “begin” āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϰ⧂āĻĒ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ past participle “begun” āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϤ⧇āχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤


incorrect: Hardly had she (enter) the room when her phone rang.
correct: Hardly had she entered the room when her phone rang.
explanation: Hardly-āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻžÂ had + VÂŗÂ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ “enter” āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ past participle “entered” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


 āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϟāĻŋāĻĒāϏ:
  • No soonerâ€Ļthan, Scarcelyâ€Ļwhen, Hardlyâ€Ļwhen āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Past Perfect āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Past Simple āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  •  “No sooner” āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ than, āφāϰ “Scarcely” āĻ“ “Hardly” āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ when āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  •  āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻ āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇, subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ auxiliary verb (had) āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āωāĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ (inversion)āĨ¤
Example:
  • No sooner had I reach the station than the train leave. (reached, left)
  • No sooner had she finish her meal than the guests arrive. (finished, arrived)
  • Scarcely had we start the exam when the bell ring. (started, rang)
  • Scarcely had he fall asleep when someone knock at the door. (fallen asleep, knocked)
  • Hardly had the movie begin when the power go off. (begun, went off)
  • Hardly had she enter the room when her phone ring. (entered, rang)

 Rule Reminder:

  • Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ) is used in the first clause.
  • Past Simple (V²) is used in the second clause.

 Rule 18:

“As if / As though” – āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ

“As if” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “As though” āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Structure 1: Subject + verbš (present) + as if / as though + subject + verb² (past tense)

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 He speaks as if he knows everything. (Incorrect verb: knows)=  He speaks as if he knew everything. (knew)

She looks as though she is tired. (Incorrect verb: is)=She looks as though she were tired. (were)

 He acts as if he is a king. (Incorrect verb: is)
He acts as if he were a king. (were)

 She behaves as though she knows everything. (Incorrect verb: knows)
 She behaves as though she knew everything. (knew)


incorrect: He talks as if he (understands) every secret.
correct: He talks as if he understood every secret.
explanation: “As if / As though” āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â unreal āĻŦāĻžÂ imaginary āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ verb-āĻāĻ°Â past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “understands” āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŦ⧇ “understood”, āϝāĻž āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: She behaves as though she (is) a queen.
correct: She behaves as though she were a queen.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â as though + subject + past tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ formal English-āĻ singular subject āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“Â were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “is” āϭ⧁āϞ, “were” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: He smiles as if he (knows) my plan.
correct: He smiles as if he knew my plan.
explanation: āϏ⧇ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āϜāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻžâ€”āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â as if-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāĻ°Â past form knew āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•, “knows” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤


incorrect: They walk as though they (are) very rich.
correct: They walk as though they were very rich.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϧāύ⧀ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āύ⧇āχ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āχ impressionāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, “are” āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: She sings as if she (has) professional training.
correct: She sings as if she had professional training.
explanation: āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āύ⧇āχ; āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏ⧂āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â past tense had āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “has” āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


 Structure 2: Past Unreal / Imaginary Situations=  Subject + verb² (past) + as if / as though + subject + had + VÂŗ (past perfect)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â Past Perfect āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
 He behaved as if he does not meet me before. (Incorrect verb: does not meet)
 He behaved as if he had not met me before. (had not met)

She talked as though she knows everything. (Incorrect verb: knows)
 She talked as though she had known everything. (had known)


incorrect: He acted as if he (doesn’t recognize) me earlier.
correct: He acted as if he had not recognized me earlier.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “as if / as though”-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â had + VÂŗÂ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “doesn’t recognize” āϭ⧁āϞ, “had not recognized” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āύāĻŋ—āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: She spoke as though she (knows) the secret long ago.
correct: She spoke as though she had known the secret long ago.
explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ “as though”-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĨ¤ “knows” āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϞ, āϝāĻž āϭ⧁āϞ; āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ â€œhad knownāĨ¤â€


incorrect: They reacted as if they (do not see) that incident before.
correct: They reacted as if they had not seen that incident before.
explanation: “as if” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ had + past participle āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ “do not see” āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧ; “had not seen” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: He shouted as though he (knows) nothing about what happened.
correct: He shouted as though he had known nothing about what happened.
explanation: āϘāϟāύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ “knows” (present) āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ Past Perfect “had known” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻžāĨ¤


incorrect: She reacted as if she (does not hear) my warning earlier.
correct: She reacted as if she had not heard my warning earlier.
explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻ¤ā§‡Â had + VÂŗÂ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ present tense “does not hear” āϭ⧁āϞ; “had not heard” āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϟāĻŋāĻĒāϏ:
  • āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻĒāϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž → “as if / as though” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Past Simple āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ / āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž → “as if / as though” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Past Simple āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ / āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž → “as if / as though” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

 Rule 19:

 “Who / Which” – āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ .Who āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â Which āĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ¤Â Relative Pronoun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāĻ¤Â Relative Clause āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

 Structure 1: “Who / Which” as Subject

Who / Which + verb (agrees with the antecedent)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

  • Who → āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • Which → āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ “who / which” subject-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ verb āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ noun-āĻāϰ number āĻ“ tense āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ :

incorrect: The youngster who (play) outdoor games is my sibling.

correct: The youngster who plays outdoor games is my sibling.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ who subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ noun youngster singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ –s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ plays āĻšāĻŦ⧇; play āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The kitten which (sleep) on the cushion belongs to me.

correct: The kitten which sleeps on the cushion belongs to me.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ which subject āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ antecedent kitten āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ singular form sleeps āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇; sleep āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


 Structure 2: “Who / Which” as Object
Who / Which + subject + verb

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

  • āϝāĻ–āĻ¨Â who / which sentence-āĻāĻ°Â object āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ verb who / which āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

 āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ (Incorrect & Correct Form):


incorrect: The girl who you (says) is smart happens to be my cousin.
correct: The girl who you say is smart happens to be my cousin.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â who object āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ clause āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤Â you subject āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ verb āĻšāĻŦā§‡Â sayāĨ¤Â says āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ singular subject-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: The book which I (reads) every evening is truly fascinating.
correct: The book which I read every evening is truly fascinating.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â I subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāĻ°Â base form (read) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤Â reads singular subject-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


 Structure 3: “Who / Which” with Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs)

Who / Which + is/was/has/had + verb (past participle / VÂŗ)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡Â helping verb (is, was, has, had, etc.) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ verb past participle (VÂŗ)/ vš+ing āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ (Incorrect & Correct Form):

incorrect: The instructor who is (teach) grammar is very strict.
correct: The instructor who is teaching grammar is very strict.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â is āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ helping verb, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāĻ°Â â€“ing form āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â teach āϭ⧁āϞ, āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹Â teachingāĨ¤


incorrect: The device which has (break) suddenly is very costly.
correct: The device which has broken suddenly is very costly.
explanation: has āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ŸÂ past participle (VÂŗ) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â break āϭ⧁āϞ, broken āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: The officer who (work) in this department is always punctual.
correct: The officer who works in this department is always punctual.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â who subject āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ subject singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb works āĻšāĻŦ⧇, work āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

incorrect: The learners who has (complete) their tasks will get extra marks.
correct: The learners who have completed their tasks will get extra marks.
explanation: learners plural, āϤāĻžāχ helping verb have āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â completed (VÂŗ) āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The writer who (compose) short stories is very talented.
correct: The writer who composes short stories is very talented.
explanation: subject singular āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ verb-āĻÂ â€“s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇; āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â compose āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The computer which (belong) to the office is brand new.
correct: The computer which belongs to the office is brand new.
explanation: which subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ, āϤāĻžāχ singular subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€Â belongs āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The puppy which (chase) the bird is extremely energetic.
correct: The puppy which chases the bird is extremely energetic.
explanation: singular subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ verb-āĻÂ â€“s āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ, āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â chases āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: The roses which is (bloom) in the yard are beautiful.
correct: The roses which are blooming in the yard are beautiful.
explanation: subject plural āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§ŸÂ are āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāĻ°Â â€“ing form āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The boy who you (say) is honest has won a medal.
correct: The boy who you said is honest has won a medal.
explanation: who object āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ clause āφāϏ⧇; tense āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€Â said āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: The woman who they (know) very well is our principal.
correct: The woman who they knew very well is our principal.
explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ action āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â knew āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇; āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â know āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The inventor who people (admire) for his work was widely respected.
correct: The inventor who people admired for his work was widely respected.
explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â admired āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The laptop which I (buys) last year is still working fine.
correct: The laptop which I bought last year is still working fine.
explanation: I subject āĻšāϞ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past form bought āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â buys āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The novels which he (read) every month are very engaging.
correct: The novels which he reads every month are very engaging.
explanation: habitual action āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ present simple tense—reads āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The cottage which they (build) near the river is quite spacious.
correct: The cottage which they built near the river is quite spacious.
explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡Â built āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


incorrect: The mentor who is (explain) the topic is highly skilled.
correct: The mentor who is explaining the topic is highly skilled.
explanation: is helping verb, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāĻ°Â â€“ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: The files which have (lose) were extremely essential.
correct: The files which have been lost were extremely essential.
explanation: perfect tense-āĻ passive āĻšāϞ⧇ structure āĻšā§ŸÂ have been + VÂŗāĨ¤


incorrect: The child who was (cry) needed immediate care.
correct: The child who was crying needed immediate care.
explanation: was + –ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ past continuous āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â crying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 “Who” as Subject (Person as Antecedent)

incorrect: The man who (work) at the office is extremely regular.

correct: The man who works at the office is extremely regular.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ who subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ antecedent man āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ –s āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ works āĻšāĻŦ⧇; work āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The learners who (has completed) the task will receive bonus marks.

correct: The learners who have completed the task will receive bonus marks.

explanation: learners plural subject āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ helping verb have āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ perfect tense-āĻ completed (VÂŗ) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ has completed āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The girl who (write) verses is highly gifted.

correct: The girl who writes verses is highly gifted.

explanation: girl singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ present simple form writes āĻšāĻŦ⧇; write āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


 “Which/Who”

incorrect: The vehicle which (belong) to my father is extremely costly.
correct: The vehicle which belongs to my father is extremely costly.
explanation: which āφāϗ⧇āϰ noun–āϕ⧇ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â vehicle singular āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ verb-āĻÂ â€“s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§Ÿā§‡Â belongs āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The dog which (chase) the kitten is quite fierce.
correct: The dog which chases the kitten is quite fierce.
explanation: subject dog singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ present simple form chases āĻšāĻŦ⧇; chase āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The blossoms which (is blooming) in the yard look amazing.
correct: The blossoms which are blooming in the yard look amazing.
explanation: blossoms plural subject, āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â are + ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇; is blooming āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The boy who you (say) is bright has received an award.
correct: The boy who you said is bright has received an award.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â who object āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ clause past tense—āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â said āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: The lady who they (know) very well is our instructor.
correct: The lady who they knew very well is our instructor.
explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚ⧟ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past form knew āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The researcher who people (admire) for his discoveries became famous worldwide.
correct: The researcher who people admired for his discoveries became famous worldwide.
explanation: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž past action āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻ¤ā§‡Â admired āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


incorrect: The smartphone which I (buys) last week is malfunctioning.
correct: The smartphone which I bought last week is malfunctioning.
explanation: I subject āĻšāϞ⧇ past tense-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ form bought āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â buys āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: The novels which he (read) every evening are quite enjoyable.
correct: The novels which he reads every evening are quite enjoyable.
explanation: āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻœâ€”present simple tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â reads āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The cottage which they (build) beside the river is very spacious.
correct: The cottage which they built beside the river is very spacious.
explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past form built āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


incorrect: The instructor who is (explain) the chapter is highly knowledgeable.
correct: The instructor who is explaining the chapter is highly knowledgeable.
explanation: is helping verb, āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ verb-āĻāĻ°Â â€“ing form āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇; explaining āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: The papers which has (lost) were extremely valuable.
correct: The papers which have been lost were extremely valuable.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ passive perfect tense—structure have been + VÂŗ; āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â have been lost āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The child who was (cry) needed assistance.
correct: The child who was crying needed assistance.
explanation: past continuous tense āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ā§‡Â was + ing form āϞāĻžāϗ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â crying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Quick Recap:

  • Who → Used for people
  • Which → Used for things/animals
  • Subject verb agreement → Verb must match the number of the antecedent
  • Helping verbs → Use correct tense and form (VÂŗ for perfect tenses)

 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϟāĻŋāĻĒāϏ:

  • “Who” āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, “Which” āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
  • Who / Which subject āĻšāϞ⧇, verb number āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Who / Which object āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āφāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Helping verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇, verb-āĻāϰ past participle (VÂŗ)/vš+ing āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 Rule 20: 

 “After” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “Before” – āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ

“After” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â â€œBefore” āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡Â Past Perfect āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â Past Simple āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Structure of “After” =After + Subject + had + VÂŗ (Past Perfect) + , + Subject + V² (Past Simple)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

  • “After” āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡Â Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻÂ Past Simple (V²) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ :

Incorrect: After he (eat) dinner, he went to bed.

correct: After he had eaten dinner, he went to bed.

explanation: “After”-āĻāϰ clause-āĻ had + VÂŗ āĻŦāϏ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ had eaten āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ Past Simple went āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: After they (finish) their work, they left the office.

correct: After they had finished their work, they left the office.

explanation: “After” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ Past Perfect āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•â€”āϤāĻžāχ had finished āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Past Simple left āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: After I (see) the movie, I talked to my friend about it.

correct: After I had seen the movie, I talked to my friend about it.

explanation: “After”-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡, āϤāĻžāχ Past Perfect had seen āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ Past Simple—talkedāĨ¤


 Structure of “Before”=Before + Subject + V² (Past Simple) + , + Subject + had + VÂŗ (Past Perfect)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

Incorrect: Before he (leave) the house, he had taken his umbrella.

correct: Before he left the house, he had taken his umbrella.

explanation: “Before”-āĻāϰ clause-āĻ Past Simple left āĻŦāϏ⧇; āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ Past Perfect had taken āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: Before she (start) the exam, she had revised all the chapters.

correct: Before she started the exam, she had revised all the chapters.

explanation: “Before” āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ Past Simple started, āφāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ Past Perfect had revised āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Before we (go) to the party, we had bought some gifts.

correct: Before we went to the party, we had bought some gifts.

explanation: “Before” clause-āĻ Past Simple went āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻ āϘāϟāύāĻž āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ Past Perfect had bought āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Quick Summary:

“After” clause → Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ), Main clause → Past Simple (V²)
“Before” clause → Past Simple (V²), Main clause → Past Perfect (had + VÂŗ)


Rule 21:

 Infinitive / Gerund āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Clause – āĻāϰ Structure āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ

Infinitive (To + Verb), Gerund (Verb + ing) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Clause āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āĻ°Â subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āϤāĻžÂ singular āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â singular verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Structure 1: Infinitive as Subject

To + Verb = Singular Verb ( is, was, has)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

  • āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§‡Â â€œTo + Verb” āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ singular subject āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â singular verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ :

incorrect: To consume too many sugary foods (make) you feel unwell.
correct: To consume too many sugary foods makes you feel unwell.
explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§‡Â To + verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϤāĻž singular subject āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb makes āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: To master English properly (require) steady effort.
correct: To master English properly requires steady effort.
explanation: To + verb subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻÂ requires āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇; require āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: To dive in deep water (are) quite risky.
correct: To dive in deep water is quite risky.
explanation: infinitive phrase singular āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ singular verb is āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇; are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤


 Structure 2: Gerund as Subject

Verb + ing = Singular Verb ( is, was, has)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§‡Â Gerund (Verb + ing) āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ singular subject āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â singular verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ :

incorrect: Reading different kinds of stories (help) develop imagination.
correct: Reading different kinds of stories helps develop imagination.
explanation: āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ gerund Reading singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb helps āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Walking beside the lake in the evening (improve) mental peace.
correct: Walking beside the lake in the evening improves mental peace.
explanation: gerund phrase singular āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ verb-āĻÂ improves āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇; improve āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: Smoking excessively (cause) serious health problems.
correct: Smoking excessively causes serious health problems.
explanation: Smoking singular subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ singular verb causes āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


 Structure 3: Clause as Subject

That / What / Whether / How + Clause + Singular Verb (is, was, has)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§‡Â â€œThat,” “What,” “Whether,” “How” āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ clause āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ singular subject āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ singular verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

incorrect: That she worked hard (prove) her determination.
correct: That she worked hard proves her determination.
explanation: “That + clause” subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb proves āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: What he says (matter) nothing to me.
correct: What he says does not matter to me.
explanation: Clause subject āĻšāϞ⧇ singular auxiliary does āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â does not matter āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

incorrect: How the students answer the question (show) their progress.
correct: How the students answer the question shows their progress.
explanation: “How + clause” singular subject āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ singular verb shows āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Quick Recap:3
  • Infinitive (To + Verb) = Singular Verb
  • Gerund (Verb + ing) = Singular Verb
  • Clause (That / What / Howâ€Ļ) = Singular Verb

   Rule 22: 

Pronouns That Take Singular Verbs (āϝ⧇āϏāĻŦ Pronoun āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Subject āĻšāϞ⧇ Singular Verb āĻšā§Ÿ)

āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ°Â Pronoun āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϝāĻ–āĻ¨Â subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āĻ¨Â Singular Verb (V+s/es / is, was, has, does) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

  • Everybody, everyone, everything, each
  • Nobody, no one, nothing, one of
  • Anybody, anyone, anything, he/she/it
  • Somebody, someone, something, one
  • None, this, that

 Structure : Pronoun (Everybody, Someone, Anything, etc.) + Singular Verb (  is, was, has, does)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

  • āĻāϏāĻŦ Pronoun āϗ⧁āĻ˛ā§‹Â singular āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻ“Â singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 Examples:

incorrect: Everybody (know) the answer.

correct: Everybody knows the answer.

explanation: Everybody singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ –s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ knows āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: Everyone (want) to be successful.

correct: Everyone wants to be successful.

explanation: Everyone āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ wantsāĨ¤


incorrect: Each of the students (are) intelligent.

correct: Each of the students is intelligent.

explanation: Each singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb is āĻšāĻŦ⧇; are āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: Nobody (like) to be alone.

correct: Nobody likes to be alone.

explanation: Nobody singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ –s āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: No one (were) present at the meeting.

correct: No one was present at the meeting.

explanation: No one āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Nothing (make) me happier than success.

correct: Nothing makes me happier than success.

explanation: Nothing singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb makes āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: One of the boys (play) football every day.

correct: One of the boys plays football every day.

explanation: One āĻšāϞ⧋ subject, āϝāĻž singular; āϤāĻžāχ verb plays āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: Anybody (have) the right to express their opinion.

correct: Anybody has the right to express their opinion.

explanation: Anybody singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ hasāĨ¤


incorrect: Somebody (know) the truth.

correct: Somebody knows the truth.

explanation: Somebody singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb knows āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: None of the money (were) stolen.

correct: None of the money was stolen.

explanation: Money uncountable āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ wasāĨ¤


incorrect: This (seem) like a good idea.

correct: This seems like a good idea.

explanation: This singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ –s āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: That (need) to be fixed immediately.

correct: That needs to be fixed immediately.

explanation: That āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ verb needs āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Quick Recap:
  •  Pronouns → Singular Subject → Singular Verb (is, was, has, does)
  •  “One of the + plural noun” → Singular Verb
  • “None of + uncountable noun” → Singular Verb

Rule 23:

 Plural-looking Nouns That Take Singular Verbs (āϝ⧇āϏāĻŦ Noun āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ Plural āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ Singular Verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ)

 āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ°Â Noun āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡Â plural (s/es āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ) āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϗ⧁āĻ˛ā§‹Â singular āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â Singular Verb (V-s/es / is, was, has, does) āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


 Categories of Such Nouns (āϝ⧇ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ Noun Singular Verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇)
  1. āĻĻ⧈āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ā§āϝ / āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ / āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāĻž → Length, Width, Height
  2. āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ / āĻ“āϜāύ → Amount, Weight
  3. āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ / āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ / āϖ⧇āϞāĻž → Distance, Time, Cricket, Football, Chess
  4. āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ / āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ → New York, Measles, Mumps, Rabies
  5. āĻŦāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ → “Great Expectations”, “War and Peace”
  6. āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ → The United States, The Philippines
  7. Magazine āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ → “The Economist”, “Time”
  8. āύāĻžāϟāϕ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ → “Hamlet”, “Othello”
  9. āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ → “The Daily Star”, “The New York Times”
  10. āϚāϞāĻšā§āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ → “Avengers”, “The Lord of the Rings”

 Structure: Noun (Length, Time, The United States, etc.) + Singular Verb (Vs / is, was, has, does)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡Â plural (s/es āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ) āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āĻ•ā§‡Â āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžÂ āϧāĻ°ā§‡Â singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Examples :

incorrect: The United States (have) a powerful economy.

correct: The United States has a powerful economy.

explanation: The United States āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ plural āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ; āϤāĻžāχ singular verb has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Twenty kilometers (are) too far to walk.

correct: Twenty kilometers is too far to walk.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ twenty kilometers āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ subject singular āϧāϰ⧇ is āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Fifty dollars (were) missing from my purse.

correct: Fifty dollars was missing from my purse.

explanation: āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ fifty dollars singular āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ wasāĨ¤


incorrect: The Philippines (are) an attractive country.

correct: The Philippines is an attractive country.

explanation: āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ “The Philippines” plural form āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: Cricket (are) my most loved sport.

correct: Cricket is my most loved sport.

explanation: Cricket āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ game-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ singular noun, āϤāĻžāχ verb is āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Measles (spread) easily among kids.

correct: Measles spreads easily among kids.

explanation: Measles āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ spreadsāĨ¤


incorrect: The Lord of the Rings (are) a well-known film.

correct: The Lord of the Rings is a well-known film.

explanation: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ movie-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ, āϤāĻžāχ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: The New York Times (publish) global news daily.

correct: The New York Times publishes global news daily.

explanation: Newspaper-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ verb publishes āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Ten years (have) gone by since we met.

correct: Ten years has gone by since we met.

explanation: āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛â€”ten years—āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: The Daily Star (report) world news regularly.

correct: The Daily Star reports world news regularly.

explanation: Newspaper-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb reports āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Quick Recap:
  • āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ Plural āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ Singular Verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž, āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ, āĻĻ⧇āĻļ, āϰ⧋āĻ—, āĻŦāχ, āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻž, āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ Singular Verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • Formula: Noun + Singular Verb ( is, was, has, does)

 Rule 24:

 Collective Noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Singular Verb āĻŦāϏ⧇

 āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ°Â Collective Noun āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ¤Â Singular Verb (is, was, has, s/es āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ verb) āĻŦāϏ⧇, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻĻāϞāϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡Â āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžÂ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

 āϤāĻŦā§‡Â āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡Â Plural Verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤


Singular Verb āĻ“ Plural Verb āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ
  •  Singular Verb → am / is / was / has / s āĻŦāĻž es āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ verb / modal auxiliary (e.g., will, shall, can, may)
  •  Plural Verb → are / were / have / s āĻŦāĻž es āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§€āύ verb / modal auxiliary (e.g., will, shall, can, may)

āĻ¯ā§‡Â Collective Nouns (āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Singular Verb āĻŦāϏ⧇)
  •  Class (āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€)
  •  Family (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ)
  •  Corporation (āĻĒ⧌āϰāϏāĻ­āĻž)
  • Faculty (āĻ…āύ⧁āώāĻĻ)
  •  Committee (āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋ)
  •  Farm (āĻ–āĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ)
  •  Crowd (āϜāύāϤāĻž)
  •  Band (āĻĻāϞ/āĻ—ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒ)
  •  Council (āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώāĻĻ)
  •  Board (āĻĻāϞ)
  •  Chorus (āĻ—āĻžā§Ÿāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻāϞ)
  • Group (āĻĻāϞ)
  • Company (āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ)
  •  Government (āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ)
  •  Organization (āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž)
  •  Team (āĻĻāϞ)
  •  Orchestra (āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāϞ)
  •  Audience (āĻļā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻž)
  •  Jury (āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻāϞ)
  •  Public (āϜāύāϤāĻž)
  •  Majority (āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ )
  •  Police (āĻĒ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀)

 Structure: Collective Noun + Singular Verb (is, was, has, s/es āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ verb, modal auxiliary)

āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ:

  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻĻāϞāϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡Â āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžÂ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â Singular Verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â Plural Verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 Examples:

incorrect: The committee (decide) on the new rule.

correct: The committee decides on the new rule.

explanation: committee āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ collective noun, āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb decides āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The jury (were) giving their verdict.

correct: The jury was giving its verdict.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ jury āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻāϞāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ• unit āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: The team (are) playing well.

correct: The team is playing well.

explanation: team collective noun āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: The government (have) announced new policies.

correct: The government has announced new policies.

explanation: government āĻāĻ•āĻĻāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: The family (are) planning a trip.

correct: The family is planning a trip.

explanation: family āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ group āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ singular form āϧāϰ⧇ is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: The audience (were) enjoying the show.

correct: The audience was enjoying the show.

explanation: audience āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ• unit āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb was āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The police (is) investigating the case.

correct: The police are investigating the case.

explanation: police āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb are āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


incorrect: The company (have) launched a new product.

correct: The company has launched a new product.

explanation: company āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb has āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The crowd (were) cheering loudly.

correct: The crowd was cheering loudly.

explanation: crowd collective noun āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĻāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: The faculty (have) decided to change the syllabus.

correct: The faculty has decided to change the syllabus.

explanation: faculty āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ• body āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Quick Recap:
  •  Collective Noun → Singular Subject → Singular Verb (is, was, has, s/es āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ verb)
  •  Individual Members āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ Plural Verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  •  Exception: “Police” āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Plural Verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤

Rule 25:

 Sequence of Tense in Subordinating & Coordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating & Coordinating Conjunction āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āĻ¨Â sequence of tense āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻāϰ tense āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Present āĻŦāĻž future āĻāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ Clause āĻ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ Tense āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause-āĻāϰ tense āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Past tense āĻāϰ āĻšā§ŸÂ  āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ Clause āĻāϰ Tense āĻ“ Past tense āĻ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžā§ŸÂ 

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ Present tense āĻŦāĻž Future tense āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇,

āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿâ€”āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āύ⧇āχāĨ¤

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ Past tense āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇,

āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āĻ“ Past tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ Past āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ“ Past āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

List of Common Subordinating Conjunctions with Examples

incorrect: He left because he (do not like) the job.

correct: He left because he did not like the job.

explanation: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ clause-āĻ past āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ do not like āϭ⧁āϞ; āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ past simple āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ did not like āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Although he was rich, he (do not) help others.

correct: Although he was rich, he did not help others.

explanation: although-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ past tense āφāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ main clause-āĻāĻ“ past simple āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ do not āύ⧟, did not āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: She will leave before he (come).

correct: She will leave before he comes.

explanation: time clause-āĻ (before/when/while) future āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇āĻ“ verb-āĻ present simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ come āϭ⧁āϞ, comes āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: Wait here until he (will return).

correct: Wait here until he returns.

explanation: until/till-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ future āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ verb-āĻ present simple āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ will return āύ⧟, returns āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Unless you (will work) hard, you cannot succeed.

correct: Unless you work hard, you cannot succeed.

explanation: unless/if āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ clause āĻšāϞ⧇ future āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ verb-āĻ future tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž; āϤāĻžāχ work āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: As soon as he (will arrive), we will start the meeting.

correct: As soon as he arrives, we will start the meeting.

explanation: as soon as-āĻāϰ clause-āĻ present simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇āĻ“ will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤


incorrect: Providing that he (will pay), I will give him the book.

correct: Providing that he pays, I will give him the book.

explanation: providing that/if-āĻāϰ clause-āĻ future āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ verb-āĻ present simple āĻŦāϏ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ pays āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

Example:

 List of Common Coordinating Conjunctions with Examples

incorrect: He did not eat, for he (do not like) the food.
correct: He did not eat, for he did not like the food.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause past tense-āĻ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ verb-āϟāĻŋāĻ“ past tense did not like āĻšāĻŦ⧇; do not like āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


incorrect: She (wake) up early and (go) for a walk.
correct: She wakes up early and goes for a walk.
explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ habitual action, āϤāĻžāχ present simple tense āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ; singular subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻÂ â€“s āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: He does not like tea, nor he (like) coffee.
correct: He does not like tea, nor does he like coffee.
explanation: “nor” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ auxiliary verb subject-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āφāϏ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ structure āĻšāĻŦā§‡Â nor does he likeāĨ¤


incorrect: He tried hard but (fail).
correct: He tried hard but failed.
explanation: āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ action-āχ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ past form failed āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Hurry up, or you (miss) the bus.
correct: Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
explanation: “or” future result āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ clause-āĻÂ will miss āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: She was ill, yet she (complete) the work.
correct: She was ill, yet she completed the work.
explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ verb-āϟāĻŋ past form completed āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: It was raining, so we (stay) indoors.
correct: It was raining, so we stayed indoors.
explanation: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖâ€“āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāχ past tense-āĻ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ past form stayed āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


 Quick Recap:
  • Subordinating Conjunctions → Main Clause-āĻāϰ Tense āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ Subordinate Clause-āĻāϰ Tense āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Coordinating Conjunctions → āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ Independent Clause-āĻāϰ Tense āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  •  Sequence of Tense āĻŽā§‡āύ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 Rule 26:

āϕ⧋āύ⧋ sentence āĻŦāĻž clause āĻāϰ verb āĻŦāϏ⧇ āϐ sentence āĻŦāĻž clause āĻāϰ subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€
Example :

Incorrect: The committee decide the final budget.

Correct: The committee decides the final budget.

Explanation: Committee āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb decides āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Neither of the participants were selected.

Correct: Neither of the participants was selected.

Explanation: Neither of āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ verb was āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: A bouquet of roses smell wonderful.

Correct: A bouquet of roses smells wonderful.

Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “bouquet” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ -s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: One of my cousins own a restaurant.

Correct: One of my cousins owns a restaurant.

Explanation: One of myâ€Ļ singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb owns āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: The information you gave me are helpful.

Correct: The information you gave me is helpful.

Explanation: Information uncountable noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Ten liters of water are enough for the trip.

Correct: Ten liters of water is enough for the trip.

Explanation: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ expression singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: The pair of shoes look dirty.

Correct: The pair of shoes looks dirty.

Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ subject “pair”—singular, āϤāĻžāχ looks āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Everybody in the classroom know the rule.

Correct: Everybody in the classroom knows the rule.

Explanation: Everybody singular pronoun, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ -s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Mathematics are difficult for many students.

Correct: Mathematics is difficult for many students.

Explanation: āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ plural āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ Mathematics singular subjectāĨ¤


Incorrect: None of the advice were useful.

Correct: None of the advice was useful.

Explanation: Advice uncountable noun, āϤāĻžāχ was āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: The group of dancers perform well today.

Correct: The group of dancers performs well today.

Explanation: āĻŽā§‚āϞ subject “group”—singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb performs āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: My family are preparing dinner right now.

Correct: My family is preparing dinner right now.

Explanation: Family āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āχāωāύāĻŋāϟ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: The news of the accident spread quickly.

Correct: The news of the accident spreads quickly.

Explanation: News singular noun, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ -s āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Twenty minutes were enough to finish the test.

Correct: Twenty minutes was enough to finish the test.

Explanation: āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ singular āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ was āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The team of athletes are practicing now.

Correct: The team of athletes is practicing now.

Explanation: “Team” singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb isāĨ¤


Incorrect: The police is searching the area.

Correct: The police are searching the area.

Explanation: Police plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ verb are āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Each of the answers are correct.

Correct: Each of the answers is correct.

Explanation: Each of singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: Your trousers is in the drawer.

Correct: Your trousers are in the drawer.

Explanation: Trousers plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb areāĨ¤


Incorrect: Either the manager or the assistants has the keys.

Correct: Either the manager or the assistants have the keys.

Explanation: Or āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb nearest subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€; āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ assistants pluralāĨ¤


Incorrect: A number of students is participating.

Correct: A number of students are participating.

Explanation: A number of āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ many, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb are āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ:

  •  Singular subject āĻšāϞ⧇ verb-āĻ“ singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  •  Plural subject āĻšāϞ⧇ verb-āĻ“ plural āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Collective nouns (committee, family) āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ singular āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ plural āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  •  “Each,” “Every,” “Neither,” “Either,” “One of” → āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ singular verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤
  •  “There is/are” āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Key Rules to Remember

  •  Singular subject → Singular verb
  •  Plural subject → Plural verb
  •  Uncountable nouns (money, work, advice, furniture, luggage, information, news) → Singular verb
  •  “Each,” “Every,” “Either,” “Neither,” “One of” → Singular verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ
  •  “A number of” → Plural verb, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ “The number of” → Singular verb

Rule 27:

āϝ⧇ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ, āϝ⧇āĻŽāĻ¨Â scissors, tongs, shorts, tweezers, jeans, trousers, pliers, glasses, āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻžÂ plural noun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â plural verb (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: are, have, do) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ collective nounāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤ plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤:
Scissors āĻ•āĻžāϚāĻŋ  Tongs āϚāĻŋāĻŽāϟāĻž
Shorts āĻšāĻžāĻĢ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ Tweezers āϏāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž /āĻļā§‹āύ
Jeans āϜāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ Trousers āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŽāĻž
pliers āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāϏ glasses āϚāĻļāĻŽāĻž


Examples :

Scissors (āĻ•āĻžāρāϚāĻŋ)

Incorrect: My scissors (is) very sharp.

Correct: My scissors are very sharp.

Explanation :

scissors āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€/āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§â€”āĻāĻ• āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻžāρāϚāĻŋ—āĻāĻŽāύāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ“ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ are āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ subject-verb agreement āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ is singular verbāĨ¤ āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚ is āϭ⧁āϞ, are āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Trousers (āĻĒāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŽāĻž / āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ)

Incorrect: These trousers (is) too long for me.

Correct: These trousers are too long for me.

Explanation :

trousers (āĻāĻ• āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ) āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ; āĻāϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

is singular āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧇ noun plural āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āϏ⧇ noun-āĻ is āĻŽāĻžāύāĻžāύāϏāχ āύāĻžâ€”āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ is āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤ are āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ plural āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĨ¤


Jeans (āϜāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ)

Incorrect: His jeans (has) a stylish design.

Correct: His jeans have a stylish design.

Explanation :

jeans plural noun; āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž-āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖāĻ“ plural āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ — āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ haveāĨ¤

has singular āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž; āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ has āϭ⧁āϞ, have āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

Tweezers (āϏāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž / āĻļā§‹āύāĻž)

Incorrect: The tweezers (is) in the drawer.

Correct: The tweezers are in the drawer.

Explanation:

tweezers = āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϏāϰāĻžā§āϜāĻžāĻŽ, plural noun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤāĨ¤ Verb āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ plural āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ → areāĨ¤

is singular; āϤāĻžāχ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Glasses (āϚāĻļāĻŽāĻž)

Incorrect: Your glasses (is) on the table.

Correct: Your glasses are on the table.

Explanation :

glasses plural āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ (āĻāĻ• āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϚāĻļāĻŽāĻž)āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ subject-verb agreement āĻ­āĻžāϙ⧇ — āϤāĻžāχ is āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤


Pliers (āĻĒā§āϞāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āϏ / āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻ°ā§āϏ)

Incorrect: The pliers (is) in the toolbox.

Correct: The pliers are in the toolbox.

Explanation :

pliers āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ plural-only noun; āϤāĻžāχ plural verb are āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤ is āĻšāϞ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ singular āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Shorts (āĻšāĻžāĻĢ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ)

Incorrect: These shorts (is) too tight for me.

Correct: These shorts are too tight for me.

Explanation :

shorts plural form; āϤāĻžāχ predicative verb-āĻ“ plural āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ: areāĨ¤ is āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


A pair of trousers (āĻāĻ• āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŽāĻž)

Incorrect: A pair of trousers (were) bought yesterday.

Correct: A pair of trousers was bought yesterday.

Explanation :

a pair singular—āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧ — āϤāĻžāχ past singular verb was āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ were plural past tense; āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āύ⧟āĨ¤

passive/active sentence-āĻāĻ“ a pair of āφāϏāϞ⧇ subject singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb singular (was/is) āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


āĻ—āĻ āύāĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻāχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ (scissors, trousers, jeans, glasses āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ¨ā§Ÿâ€”āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤ⧋āϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āϝ⧁⧜āĻŋ/āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻžāĨ¤ āϐ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āχ āϐāϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϕ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇ plural āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•āĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āϝ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ “āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻžâ€ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āφāϚāϰāĻŖāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ (plural) āĻĒāĻĻāĻŦāĻŋ āϧāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻ“ pronoun (they) āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ plural āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ (a pair of): āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύ (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āχāωāύāĻŋāϟ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇), āϤāĻ–āύ a pair of āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ subject-āϕ⧇ singular āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻ–āύ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ (is/was)āĨ¤


Singular Form (A Pair ofâ€Ļ)
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â A pair of āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • A pair of scissors is on the table.(āĻāĻ• āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻžāρāϚāĻŋ āĻŸā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤)
     A pair of trousers was bought yesterday. (āĻāĻ• āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āϕ⧇āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤) 

Rule 28:

āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ (noun) āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡Â plural āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“, āφāϏāϞ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āĻ˛ā§‹Â singular āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â singular verb (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: is, was, has, does) āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇:

  • āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝ⧟āύ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟: (mathematics, statistics, economics, physics, optics, ethics) → āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ, āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ, āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻž
  • āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϰ⧋āĻ—: (smallpox) → āĻŦāϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϰ⧋āĻ—
  • āĻ…āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ: (news, gallows, innings) → āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻĢāĻžāρāϏāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžā§āϚ, āχāύāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ

āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš:
  • āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“, āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  •  āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§œā§‡āύ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ noun-āĻāϰ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ “it” āĻŦāϏāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular verb āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§‹āύāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻžāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
  •  āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟, āϰ⧋āĻ—, āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻāχ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Example:


Mathematics

Incorrect: Mathematics (are) my favorite subject.

Correct: Mathematics is my favorite subject.

Explanation :

  • Mathematics āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ plural āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ“ singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇ — isāĨ¤
  • are plural verb; āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ subject–verb agreement āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

Statistics

Incorrect: Statistics (show) interesting results.

Correct: Statistics shows interesting results.

Explanation:

  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ Statistics āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ “āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžâ€â€”subject (āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singularāĨ¤
  • āϏ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ singular verb shows āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤
  • show plural verb; āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ grammatical mismatch āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Economics

Incorrect: Economics (have) a huge impact on society.

Correct: Economics has a huge impact on society.

Explanation:

  • Economics āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ singular verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • has singular, āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
  • have plural verb; āϤāĻžāχ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

Optics

Incorrect: Optics (are) a branch of physics.

Correct: Optics is a branch of physics.

Explanation:

  • Optics (āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟; āϤāĻžāχ singular notion āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻĢāϞ⧇ singular verb is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
  • are plural, āϤāĻžāχ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

Physics

Incorrect: Physics (deal) with the laws of nature.

Correct: Physics deals with the laws of nature.

Explanation:

  • Physics āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ subject name āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ s āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ singular form deals āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
  • deal plural form; subject–verb agreement āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

The news

Incorrect: The news (are) shocking.

Correct: The news is shocking.

Explanation:

  • news āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ plural āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ singular (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ/āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ)āĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • are plural; āϤāĻžāχ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

Ethics

Incorrect: Ethics (teach) us moral values.

Correct: Ethics teaches us moral values.

Explanation:

  • āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ ethics āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ “āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°â€â€”āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿâ€”āϤāĻžāχ singularāĨ¤
  • singular verb teaches āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
  • teach plural verb, āϤāĻžāχ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

Gallows

Incorrect: Gallows (are) used for execution.

Correct: Gallows is used for execution.

Explanation:

  • Gallows (āĻĢāĻžāρāϏāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžā§āϚ) āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ plural āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§â€”singular āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • are plural verb; āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

The innings

Incorrect: The innings (are) going well for our team.

Correct: The innings is going well for our team.

Explanation:

  • innings (āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āχāύāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ) āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ plural-looking āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻžāχ āχāύāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ singular āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • are plural verb āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

Smallpox

Incorrect: Smallpox (have) been eradicated.

Correct: Smallpox has been eradicated.

Explanation:

  • Smallpox āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ — āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āϤāĻžāχ singular auxiliary has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
  • have plural, āϤāĻžāχ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

Rule 29:

āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ Plural nounāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ singular āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ plural āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

People & Living Beings:

         Singular.…..…Plural

  • Man → Men – āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ → āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώāϰāĻž
  • Woman → Women – āύāĻžāϰ⧀ → āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž
  • Child → Children – āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ → āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰāĻž
  • Person → People – āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ → āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ/āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ
  • Foot → Feet – āĻĒāĻž → āĻĒāĻž (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Tooth → Teeth – āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ → āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Goose → Geese – āĻšāĻžāρāϏ → āĻšāĻžāρāϏ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Mouse → Mice – āχāρāĻĻ⧁āϰ → āχāρāĻĻ⧁āϰ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Louse → Lice – āωāϕ⧁āύ → āωāϕ⧁āύ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Ox → Oxen – āĻŦāϞāĻĻ/āώāĻžāρ⧜ → āĻŦāϞāĻĻ/āώāĻžāρ⧜ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Alumnus → Alumni – āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāύ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ → āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāύ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāϰāĻž
  • Alumna → Alumnae – āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāύ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ → āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāύ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āϰāĻž

Animals & Birds:

         Singular.…..…Plural

  • Deer → Deer – āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖ → āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖ
  • Sheep → Sheep – āϭ⧇āĻĄāĻŧāĻž → āϭ⧇āĻĄāĻŧāĻž
  • Fish → Fish – āĻŽāĻžāĻ› → āĻŽāĻžāĻ›
  • Moose → Moose – āĻŽā§āϜ āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖ → āĻŽā§āϜ āĻšāϰāĻŋāĻŖ
  • Salmon → Salmon – āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻ› → āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻ›
  • Trout → Trout – āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāωāϟ āĻŽāĻžāĻ› → āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāωāϟ āĻŽāĻžāĻ›
  • Bison → Bison – āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāώ → āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāώ

Objects & Abstract Nouns:

          Singular.…..…Plural

  • Cactus → Cacti – āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϟāĻžāϏ → āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϟāĻžāϏ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Focus → Foci – āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ → āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Fungus → Fungi – āĻ›āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻ• → āĻ›āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻ• (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Nucleus → Nuclei – āύāĻŋāωāĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏ → āύāĻŋāωāĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Radius → Radii – āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϧ → āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϧ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Syllabus → Syllabi – āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāϏ⧂āϚāĻŋ → āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāϏ⧂āϚāĻŋ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Thesis → Theses – āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ­ → āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϏāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ­ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Crisis → Crises – āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟ → āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟ (āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ)
  • Phenomenon → Phenomena – āϘāϟāύāĻž/āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϘāϟāύāĻž → āϘāϟāύāĻžāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš
  • Medium → Media – āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ → āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš
  • Datum → Data – āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤ → āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϤāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš
  • Memorandum → Memoranda – āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ → āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš
  • Formula → Formulae/Formulas – āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ → āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš
  • Erratum → Errata – āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ → āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš

Miscellaneous:

         Singular.…..…Plural

  • Gallows → Gallows – āĻĢāĻžāρāϏāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžā§āϚ → āĻĢāĻžāρāϏāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžā§āϚ
  • Hovercraft → Hovercraft – āĻ­āĻžāϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āϝāĻžāύ → āĻ­āĻžāϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āϝāĻžāύ
  • Aircraft → Aircraft – āĻ‰ā§œā§‹āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜ → āĻ‰ā§œā§‹āϜāĻžāĻšāĻžāϜ
  • Poultry → Poultry – āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋ → āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋ
  • Vermin → Vermin – āϕ⧀āϟāĻĒāϤāĻ™ā§āĻ— → āϕ⧀āϟāĻĒāϤāĻ™ā§āĻ—
  • Cattle → Cattle – āĻ—āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻļ⧁ → āĻ—āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻļ⧁
  • Gentry → Gentry – āωāĻšā§āϚāĻŦāĻ‚āĻļā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ → āωāĻšā§āϚāĻŦāĻ‚āĻļā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ
  • Nobility → Nobility – āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϜāĻžāϤ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋ → āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϜāĻžāϤ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋ
  • Clergy → Clergy – āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻšāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ → āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻšāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ
  • Folk → Folk – āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ → āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ
  • Elite → Elite – āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ → āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

NB: āĻāχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ “-s” āĻŦāĻž “-es” āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇! 

Irregular Plural Noun āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• Verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:

āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ (noun) irregular plural āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ “-s” āĻŦāĻž “-es” āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• verb āĻŦ⧇āϛ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ:

Ξ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ irregular plural noun āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: men, women, children, feet, mice, geese), āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ plural verb (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: are, have, do, go) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

≡Ξ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ irregular plural noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻšā§Ÿ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: sheep, deer, fish, aircraft), āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ verb āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇:

  • āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: is, has)āĨ¤
  • āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: are, have)āĨ¤

Ξ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋāύ āĻ“ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• irregular plurals (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: data, media, criteria, phenomena) āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ plural verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Žāσ

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ noun āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ plural āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ noun–āĻāϰ singular āĻ“ plural āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇; āϏ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ verb āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋāύ/āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ plural noun (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: data, media, criteria, phenomena) āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž plural verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁/āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Example:

Incorrect: The men (is) preparing for the long journey.

Correct: The men are preparing for the long journey.

Explanation: “Men” āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ irregular plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ plural verb “are” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Incorrect: The children (plays) near the riverside every afternoon.

Correct: The children play near the riverside every afternoon.

Explanation: “Children” plural āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ verb plural “play” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect:  The women (has) taken their seats in the auditorium.

Correct: The women have taken their seats in the auditorium.

Explanation: “Women” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ ‘has’ āύāϝāĻŧ, plural verb ‘have’ āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The geese (flies) low over the marshlands.

Correct: The geese fly low over the marshlands.

Explanation: “Geese” plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ plural “fly”āĨ¤


Incorrect: The mice (eats) everything kept in the storeroom.

Correct: The mice eat everything kept in the storeroom.

Explanation: “Mice” āĻšāϞ⧋ plural form, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb “eat” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect:  The sheep (was) scattered across the hillside.

Correct: The sheep were scattered across the hillside.

Explanation: “Sheep” singular–plural āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ; āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• sheep āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb “were” āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The deer (runs) freely in the protected area.

Correct: The deer run freely in the protected area.

Explanation: “Deer” āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ plural āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ, āϤāĻžāχ verb plural “run” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect:  The media (has) spread the announcement widely.

Correct: The media have spread the announcement widely.

Explanation: “Media” āĻšāϞ⧋ plural noun; āϤāĻžāχ plural verb “have” āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect:  The data (is) still incomplete for final analysis.

Correct: The data are still incomplete for final analysis.

Explanation: “Data” āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž; plural verb “are” āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The alumni (was) delighted to meet their former teachers.

Correct: The alumni were delighted to meet their former teachers.

Explanation: “Alumni” plural form, āϤāĻžāχ verb plural “were” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Rule 30:

  1. “A number of” + plural noun → plural verb (āϝāĻ–āύ “a number of” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāϟāĻŋ “many” āĻŦāĻž “several” āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇)āĨ¤
  2. “The number of” + plural noun → singular verb (āϝāĻ–āύ “the number of” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇)āĨ¤
  3. “Many a/an” + singular noun → singular verb (āϝāĻ–āύ “many a/an” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāϟāĻŋ “each” āĻŦāĻž “every” āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇)āĨ¤

Examples:

A number of + plural noun → plural verb

āϝāĻ–āύ a number of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•/āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

The number of + plural noun → singular verb

āϝāĻ–āύ the number of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

Many a/an + singular noun → singular verb

Many a/an āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ each/every, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻāϕ⧇āĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϕ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: A number of researchers (is) exploring new ideas.

correct: A number of researchers are exploring new ideas.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ a number of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ plural noun āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ plural verb are āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: A number of villages (has) suffered from floods.

correct: A number of villages have suffered from floods.

explanation: A number of āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb have āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤

incorrect: The number of visitors (are) decreasing sharply.

correct: The number of visitors is decreasing sharply.

explanation: The number of āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The number of accidents (have) dropped this month.

correct: The number of accidents has dropped this month.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ the number of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ singular verb has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


ncorrect: Many a worker (were) worried about the layoffs.

correct: Many a worker was worried about the layoffs.

explanation: Many a āĻāϕ⧇āĻ•āϜāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ singular noun āύ⧇āϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb was āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Many a writer (have) imagined such worlds.

correct: Many a writer has imagined such worlds.

explanation: Many a āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ subject singular āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ verb has āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: A number of issues (was) raised during the meeting.

correct: A number of issues were raised during the meeting.

explanation: A number of plural āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb were āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: The number of endangered species (are) alarming.

correct: The number of endangered species is alarming.

explanation: The number of āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

incorrect: Many a traveler (were) confused by the map.

correct: Many a traveler was confused by the map.

explanation: Many a āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ singular noun āĻ“ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

incorrect: A number of proposals (has) been submitted.

correct: A number of proposals have been submitted.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ a number of āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb have āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Key Takeaways:

  1. “A number of” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  2. “The number of” āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  3. “Many a/an” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 Rule 31:

āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ­āĻ—ā§āύāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ (one-third, half, two-thirds, a quarter āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻ–āύ verb āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦā§‡â€”āĻ­āĻ—ā§āύāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ noun āφāϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĨ¤

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ noun singular āĻšā§Ÿ → verb singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ noun plural āĻšā§Ÿ → verb plural āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb-āĻāϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ fraction-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž noun singular āύāĻž plural āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰāĨ¤

Example:

incorrect: One-half of the report (were) finished.

correct: One-half of the report was finished.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ report āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb was āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Two-thirds of the rice (are) spoiled.

correct: Two-thirds of the rice is spoiled.

explanation: rice āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž-āĻ…āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

incorrect: One-fourth of the city (have) lost power.

correct: One-fourth of the city has lost power.

explanation: subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž city āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Half of the juice (were) wasted.

correct: Half of the juice was wasted.

explanation: juice āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ mass noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧋āĻœā§āϝāĨ¤

incorrect: Three-quarters of the field (is) covered with grass.

correct: Three-quarters of the field are covered with grass.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ field āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: One-third of the students (was) present.

correct: One-third of the students were present.

explanation: students āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb plural āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Half of the rooms (is) locked.

correct: Half of the rooms are locked.

explanation: rooms plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb are āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: A quarter of the garden (have) dried up.

correct: A quarter of the garden has dried up.

explanation: garden āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb has āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

incorrect: Two-fifths of the teachers (was) protesting.

correct: Two-fifths of the teachers were protesting.

explanation: teachers plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āφāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ•āĨ¤

incorrect: One-third of the machinery (are) outdated.

correct: One-third of the machinery is outdated.

explanation: machinery āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ collective singular noun; āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Key Takeaways:

  1. Fraction + Singular Noun → Singular Verb
  2. Fraction + Plural Noun → Plural Verb
  3. Always match the verb with the noun after the fraction.

 Rule 32:

āϝāĻ–āύ No soonerâ€Ļ than, Scarcelyâ€Ļ when, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Hardlyâ€Ļ when āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ—āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāϟāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤
āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb–āĻāϰ past participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ auxiliary āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ had āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
Sentence structure āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻšā§Ÿâ€”

No sooner had + subject + past participle + than + past tense

Scarcely had + subject + past participle + when + past tense

Hardly had + subject + past participle + when + past tense

āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ past perfect–āĻāϰ sense āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Example:

incorrect: No sooner had the train leave than the storm began.
correct: No sooner had the train left than the storm began.
explanation: “Had”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ verb–āĻāϰ past participle (left) āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇; āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ sudden sequence āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: No sooner had Mira open the window than a cold breeze entered.
correct: No sooner had Mira opened the window than a cold breeze entered.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “open” āύ⧟, “opened” āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ “had + V3” āĻšāϞ⧋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ structureāĨ¤

incorrect: Scarcely had the guests arrive when the lights went off.
correct: Scarcely had the guests arrived when the lights went off.
explanation: “Scarcely had”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ main verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ past participle āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ arrived āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

incorrect: Scarcely had I finish reading when the alarm rang.
correct: Scarcely had I finished reading when the alarm rang.
explanation: “Finish” āϭ⧁āϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ rule āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ past participle “finished” āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Scarcely had the dog bark when the children woke up.
correct: Scarcely had the dog barked when the children woke up.
explanation: past participle āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž structure āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ barked āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤

incorrect: Hardly had they step outside when thunder roared.
correct: Hardly had they stepped outside when thunder roared.
explanation: “Step” āύ⧟, “stepped”—āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ “had”–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ V3 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Hardly had the show begin when the microphone failed.
correct: Hardly had the show begun when the microphone failed.
explanation: begin → begun (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ perfect structureāĨ¤

incorrect: Hardly had the teacher enter the class when the bell rang.
correct: Hardly had the teacher entered the class when the bell rang.
explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ entered āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ “had + entered” past perfect–āĻāϰ sense āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤

incorrect: No sooner had the baby cry than everyone rushed to help.
correct: No sooner had the baby cried than everyone rushed to help.
explanation: cried (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ sudden-action sequence āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Hardly had the players sit down when the coach arrived.
correct: Hardly had the players sat down when the coach arrived.
explanation: sit → sat (V3) āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•; “had + V3” āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Rule 33: 

Have / Has / Had / Having + V3
āϝāĻ–āύ have, has, had, having āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ past participle (V3) āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ (perfect tense) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ perfect participle āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • have / has + V3 → present perfect
  • had + V3 → past perfect
  • having + V3 → perfect participle

Example:

incorrect: I have finish the assignment.

correct: I have finished the assignment.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ have āφāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž finish–āĻāϰ V3 finished āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: She has write a long diary.

correct: She has written a long diary.

explanation: has āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋ written (V3) āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: They have see the new building.

correct: They have seen the new building.

explanation: see āĻāϰ past participle seen, āϤāĻžāχ have–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ seen āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: He had break the vase before we arrived.

correct: He had broken the vase before we arrived.

explanation: had āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋ broken (V3) āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: We had speak to the manager earlier.

correct: We had spoken to the manager earlier.

explanation: speak āĻāϰ past participle spoken, āϤāĻžāχ had–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ spoken āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: The team had lose the match before the rain started.

correct: The team had lost the match before the rain started.

explanation: lose āĻāϰ V3 lost, āϤāĻžāχ had–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ lost āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Having eat lunch, he returned to class.

correct: Having eaten lunch, he returned to class.

explanation: having āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž eat–āĻāϰ V3 eaten āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Having close the shop, they went home.

correct: Having closed the shop, they went home.

explanation: perfect participle āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ having āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ closed (V3) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

incorrect: She has draw a beautiful portrait.

correct: She has drawn a beautiful portrait.

explanation: draw āĻāϰ past participle drawn, āϤāĻžāχ has–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ drawn āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: They have build a new cottage beside the river.

correct: They have built a new cottage beside the river.

explanation: build āĻāϰ V3 built, āϤāĻžāχ have–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ built āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

 Rule 33:

With / Together with / Along with / As well as / Accompanied by / In addition to / And not

āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ subject–āϕ⧇ with, together with, along with, as well as, accompanied by, in addition to, and not—  āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ verb āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāϞ⧇ verb–āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāϞ⧇ verb–āĻ“ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject verb–āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Example:

incorrect: The artist with his assistants (were) preparing the stage.

correct: The artist with his assistants was preparing the stage.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ artist āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb–āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ was āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The children along with their coach (is) practicing in the field.

correct: The children along with their coach are practicing in the field.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject children āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb are āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: My cousin as well as his teammates (have) joined the seminar.

correct: My cousin as well as his teammates has joined the seminar.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject my cousin āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb has āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The scientist together with his junior researchers (were) conducting the test.

correct: The scientist together with his junior researchers was conducting the test.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject scientist āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb was āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The girls with their teacher (is) visiting the museum.

correct: The girls with their teacher are visiting the museum.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject girls āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb are āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The inspector accompanied by officers (are) checking the documents.

correct: The inspector accompanied by officers is checking the documents.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject inspector āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The players in addition to the coach (was) upset with the result.

correct: The players in addition to the coach were upset with the result.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject players āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb were āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The novelist with her editors (have) completed the manuscript.

correct: The novelist with her editors has completed the manuscript.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject novelist āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb has āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The laptop and not the chargers (were) found damaged.

correct: The laptop and not the chargers was found damaged.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject laptop āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb–āĻ“ was āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The engineers as well as the manager (is) reviewing the plan.

correct: The engineers as well as the manager are reviewing the plan.

explanation: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ subject engineers āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb are āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


 Rule 34:

āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ subject  Eitherâ€Ļor, Neitherâ€Ļnor, Notâ€Ļbut, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Not onlyâ€Ļbut also āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

  • āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular, āϤāĻŦ⧇ singular verb;
  • āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject āϝāĻĻāĻŋ plural, āϤāĻŦ⧇ plural verbāĨ¤

Example:

Incorrect: Either the captain or the players (decides) the strategy.

Correct: Either the captain or the players decide the strategy.

Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject “players” plural, āϤāĻžāχ verb plural “decide” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: Neither the lamp nor the bulbs (is) glowing properly.

Correct: Neither the lamp nor the bulbs are glowing properly.

Explanation: “bulbs” plural āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ verb plural “are” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Not the singer but the musicians (plays) the drums today.

Correct: Not the singer but the musicians play the drums today.

Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject “musicians” plural, āϤāĻžāχ “play” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: Not only the principal but also the teachers (has) joined the meeting.

Correct: Not only the principal but also the teachers have joined the meeting.

Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject “teachers” plural; āϤāĻžāχ plural verb “have” āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Either my cousin or my parents (goes) to the village every week.

Correct: Either my cousin or my parents go to the village every week.

Explanation: “parents” plural subject, āϤāĻžāχ “go” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Neither the kitten nor the puppies (runs) away from the yard.

Correct: Neither the kitten nor the puppies run away from the yard.

Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject “puppies” plural, āϤāĻžāχ verb plural “run” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Not the branches but the root (are) damaged by insects.

Correct: Not the branches but the root is damaged by insects.

Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject “root” singular, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb “is” āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Either the bicycles or the car (are) blocking the entrance.

Correct: Either the bicycles or the car is blocking the entrance.

Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject “car” singular, āϤāĻžāχ “is” āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Not only the travelers but also their guide (were) exhausted.

Correct: Not only the travelers but also their guide was exhausted.

Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject “guide” singular, āϤāĻžāχ “was” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Neither the poets nor the novelist (write) about this theme.

Correct: Neither the poets nor the novelist writes about this theme.

Explanation: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ subject “novelist” singular, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb “writes” āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Key Takeaway:

āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ subject “eitherâ€Ļor,” “neitherâ€Ļnor,” “notâ€Ļbut,” āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “not onlyâ€Ļbut also” āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻ–āύ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€āĨ¤


 Rule 34:

  1. And āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ subject āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡Â plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  2. And āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ subject āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡Â singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  3. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ each, every, āĻŦāĻžÂ no āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

And āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ subject āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡â€”

  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁, āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϝ⧌āĻĨ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ singular verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āφāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ subject–āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ each, every, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž no āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž singular verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

incorrect: My uncle and my aunt (visits) our home every winter.

correct: My uncle and my aunt visit our home every winter.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχāϜāύ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb visit āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Poverty and ignorance (is) the root of many problems.

correct: Poverty and ignorance are the root of many problems.

explanation: āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž abstract noun, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The captain and coach (are) guiding the team strictly.

correct: The captain and coach is guiding the team strictly.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ captain āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ coach āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Rice and curry (are) my usual lunch.

correct: Rice and curry is my usual lunch.

explanation: “Rice and curry” āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: Each book and each notebook (are) kept on the shelf.

correct: Each book and each notebook is kept on the shelf.

explanation: subject–āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ each āφāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Every singer and every musician (perform) in the yearly concert.

correct: Every singer and every musician performs in the yearly concert.

explanation: every āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ performs āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: No teacher and no student (were) allowed to enter late.

correct: No teacher and no student was allowed to enter late.

explanation: no āĻĻ⧁āχāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ verb singular was āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Bread and jam (make) a perfect breakfast for me.

correct: Bread and jam makes a perfect breakfast for me.

explanation: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb makes āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: The writer and poet (have) arrived at the program.

correct: The writer and poet has arrived at the program.

explanation: writer āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ poet āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb has āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: My cousin and my neighbor (plans) to start a garden together.

correct: My cousin and my neighbor plan to start a garden together.

explanation: āĻĻ⧁āχāϜāύ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž subject, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb plan āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Key Takeaway:
  1. And āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  2. āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  3. Each, Every, āĻŦāĻž No āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 Rule 35:

āϝāĻ–āĻ¨Â Here āĻŦāĻžÂ There āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āĻ¨Â verb āĻŦāĻ¸ā§‡Â verb-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž, subject āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â singular verb āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â subject āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Examples:

Subject āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāϞ⧇ singular verb, subject āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāϞ⧇ plural verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ subject-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύ⧟āĨ¤

Incorrect: There (is) many visitors waiting outside.

Correct: There are many visitors waiting outside.

Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ subject āĻšāϞ⧋ many visitors, āϝāĻž plural; āϤāĻžāχ are āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Here (comes) the children from the playground.

Correct: Here come the children from the playground.

Explanation: the children āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb come āĻŦāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: There (has been) several mistakes in the report.

Correct: There have been several mistakes in the report.

Explanation: several mistakes plural, āϤāĻžāχ have been āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: Here (is) the keys you were looking for.

Correct: Here are the keys you were looking for.

Explanation: subject āĻšāϞ⧋ the keys, āϝāĻž plural, āϤāĻžāχ are āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: There (was) two lamps on the bedside table.

Correct: There were two lamps on the bedside table.

Explanation: two lamps plural, āϤāĻžāχ were āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Here (goes) my shoes and jacket.

Correct: Here go my shoes and jacket.

Explanation: subject āĻšāϞ⧋ my shoes and jacket, āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb goāĨ¤


Incorrect: There (is) several options to choose from.

Correct: There are several options to choose from.

Explanation: several options āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ are āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Here (has) an idea and a plan to solve the issue.

Correct: Here have an idea and a plan to solve the issue.

Explanation: an idea and a plan—āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb haveāĨ¤


Incorrect: There (comes) the trucks from the warehouse.

Correct: There come the trucks from the warehouse.

Explanation: subject the trucks plural, āϤāĻžāχ come āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: Here (is) a cat and two kittens near the door.

Correct: Here are a cat and two kittens near the door.

Explanation: āĻŽā§‹āϟ subject āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ (āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ cat + āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ kittens), āϤāĻžāχ plural verb are āĻŦāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Key Takeaway:

Here āĻŦāĻž There āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ subject āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€āĨ¤


 Rule 36:

āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ who, which, that āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ relative pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ verb āĻŦāϏ⧇, āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ antecedent–āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž relative pronoun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϝ⧇ noun āφāϛ⧇)āĨ¤

  • Antecedent āϝāĻĻāĻŋ singular āĻšāϝāĻŧ → verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ singularāĨ¤
  • Antecedent āϝāĻĻāĻŋ plural āĻšāϝāĻŧ → verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ pluralāĨ¤

incorrect: She is the artist who (paint) beautiful portraits.

correct: She is the artist who paints beautiful portraits.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ artist āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ who-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ singular verb paints āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: They are the travelers who (explore) new cultures every year.

correct: They are the travelers who explore new cultures every year.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ antecedent travelers āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb explore āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: This is the clock that (tick) loudly at night.

correct: This is the clock that ticks loudly at night.

explanation: antecedent clock āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb ticks āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


incorrect: Those are the scientists who (study) climate changes deeply.

correct: Those are the scientists who study climate changes deeply.

explanation: antecedent scientists plural āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ plural verb study āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: He is the officer who (inspect) the documents carefully.

correct: He is the officer who inspects the documents carefully.

explanation: antecedent officer āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb inspects āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: These are the children who (enjoy) outdoor games the most.

correct: These are the children who enjoy outdoor games the most.

explanation: children plural subject, āϤāĻžāχ enjoy plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: It is the device that (operate) automatically.

correct: It is the device that operates automatically.

explanation: antecedent device singular, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb operates āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


incorrect: They are the musicians who (perform) at the festival.

correct: They are the musicians who perform at the festival.

explanation: antecedent musicians āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb perform āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: She is the woman who (lead) the entire project.

correct: She is the woman who leads the entire project.

explanation: antecedent woman singular, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb leads āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Those are the birds that (fly) across the river every dawn.

correct: Those are the birds that fly across the river every dawn.

explanation: antecedent birds plural, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb fly āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Key Takeaway:
  • Relative pronoun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇ antecedent-āĻāϰ number āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€āĨ¤
  • Antecedent singular āĻšāϞ⧇ → Singular verbāĨ¤
  • Antecedent plural āĻšāϞ⧇ → Plural verbāĨ¤

 Rule 37:

āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ°Â Pronoun āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϝāĻ–āĻ¨Â verb-āĻāϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Singular Verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ•Â āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Žāσ

āϝāĻ–āύ Everybody, Everyone, Everything, Each, Nobody, No one, Nothing, Anybody, Anyone, Anything, Somebody, Someone, Something, One, None, This, That—āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ singular āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ, āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Example:

incorrect: Everybody (know) the schedule.

correct: Everybody knows the schedule.

explanation: everybody āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb knows āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Each of the dancers (perform) beautifully.

correct: Each of the dancers performs beautifully.

explanation: each āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ performsāĨ¤


incorrect: Nothing (make) sense in this story.

correct: Nothing makes sense in this story.

explanation: nothing āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ makesāĨ¤


incorrect: Anyone (have) the courage to try this.

correct: Anyone has the courage to try this.

explanation: anyone singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Somebody (know) where the key is.

correct: Somebody knows where the key is.

explanation: somebody āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ verb āĻšā§Ÿ knowsāĨ¤


incorrect: No one (understand) the message.

correct: No one understands the message.

explanation: no one singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb understands āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Something (appear) strange in the room.

correct: Something appears strange in the room.

explanation: something āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ subject, āϤāĻžāχ appears āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: One of the leaders (speak) at the event.

correct: One of the leaders speaks at the event.

explanation: one of āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ speaks āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: This (look) perfect to me.

correct: This looks perfect to me.

explanation: this āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ pronoun, verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ looksāĨ¤


incorrect: That (seem) impossible right now.

correct: That seems impossible right now.

explanation: that āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ subject, āϤāĻžāχ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ seemsāĨ¤

Key Takeaway:
  • āĻāχ Pronoun āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Singular Verb āύ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
    Verb singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇ (e.g., is, was, has, does, knows)āĨ¤

 Rule 38:

 (Wish / If / If only / As if / As though + Unreal Situation)

āϝāĻ–āύ wish, if, if only, as if, as though āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ, āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏ⧂āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ to be āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ—

  • āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§‹āϚāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇
  • āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇
  • āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏ⧂āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇

Example:

incorrect: I wish I was invisible.
correct: I wish I were invisible.
explanation: Wish āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ was āύ⧟, were āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If he was a doctor, he could treat them.
correct: If he were a doctor, he could treat them.
explanation: If-āĻ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

incorrect: She talks as if she was my guardian.
correct: She talks as if she were my guardian.
explanation: As if āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ were āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: If only the weather was cooler!
correct: If only the weather were cooler!
explanation: If only āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž/āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§‹āϚāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ were āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: He behaves as though he was the leader.
correct: He behaves as though he were the leader.
explanation: As though āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

incorrect: I wish today was my birthday.
correct: I wish today were my birthday.
explanation: Wish āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ were āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: She smiles as if nothing was wrong.
correct: She smiles as if nothing were wrong.
explanation: As if + unreal situation → were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: If I was in your position, I would decide fast.
correct: If I were in your position, I would decide fast.
explanation: If-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ were āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: If only he was more responsible!
correct: If only he were more responsible!
explanation: If only + unreal wish → were āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


incorrect: He looks at me as if I was invisible.
correct: He looks at me as if I were invisible.
explanation: As if āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĨ¤

 Rule 39:

All / Some / No / A lot of—āĻāχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ noun āφāϏ⧇, verb āϏ⧇āχ noun-āĻāϰ number āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

  • Noun singular āĻšāϞ⧇ → singular verb
  • Noun plural āĻšāϞ⧇ → plural verb

Example:

incorrect: All of the milk (have) spoiled.

correct: All of the milk has spoiled.

explanation: milk āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ mass/material noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Some of the furniture (are) old.

correct: Some of the furniture is old.

explanation: furniture āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻžāĻšā§€āύ noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: No luggage (were) lost at the airport.

correct: No luggage was lost at the airport.

explanation: luggage singular uncountable noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


incorrect: A lot of the equipment (have) arrived.

correct: A lot of the equipment has arrived.

explanation: equipment āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: All of the workers (is) taking a break.

correct: All of the workers are taking a break.

explanation: workers plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Some of the animals (has) escaped from the cage.

correct: Some of the animals have escaped from the cage.

explanation: animals plural, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: No students (was) interested in the offer.

correct: No students were interested in the offer.

explanation: students plural noun, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: A lot of the houses (is) damaged by the storm.

correct: A lot of the houses are damaged by the storm.

explanation: houses plural, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


incorrect: Some of the juice (were) spilled on the table.

correct: Some of the juice was spilled on the table.

explanation: juice singular mass noun, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: All of the birds (has) flown away.

correct: All of the birds have flown away.

explanation: birds plural subject, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Key Takeaway:
  1. All / Some / No / A lot of āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ noun āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  2. Noun singular āĻšāϞ⧇ → Singular Verb (is, was, has)āĨ¤
  3. Noun plural āĻšāϞ⧇ → Plural Verb (are, were, have)āĨ¤

 Rule 40

One and a half + Plural Noun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Singular Verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž

One and a half + plural noun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ “one and a half” āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ + āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϧ⧇āĻ• āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿâ€”āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ (unit) āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ verb singular āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Example:

incorrect: One and a half weeks (are) too short to finish this research.

correct: One and a half weeks is too short to finish this research.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “one and a half weeks” āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

________________________________________

incorrect: One and a half bottles of juice (have) gone missing from the fridge.

correct: One and a half bottles of juice has gone missing from the fridge.

explanation: “one and a half bottles” āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

________________________________________

incorrect: One and a half chapters of the novel (were) completed yesterday.

correct: One and a half chapters of the novel was completed yesterday.

explanation: “one and a half chapters” āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ


incorrect: One and a half kilometers (were) left to reach the village.

correct: One and a half kilometers was left to reach the village.

explanation: āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ• “one and a half kilometers” āĻāĻ•āĻ• unit āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb was āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: One and a half plates of biryani (are) enough for him.

correct: One and a half plates of biryani is enough for him.

explanation: āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ “one and a half plates” āĻāĻ• āχāωāύāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Key Takeaway:

“One and a half + Plural Noun” āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ Singular Verb āύ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Verb Singular āĻšāĻŦ⧇ (is, was, has)āĨ¤


 Rule 41:

āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡Â āϝ⧋āĻ— (+), āĻŦāĻŋā§Ÿā§‹āĻ— (-), āϗ⧁āĻŖ (×), āĻ­āĻžāĻ— (Ãˇ) āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āĻ¨Â verb Singular āĻŦāĻž Plural āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧāχ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖÂ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â Singular Verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖÂ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡Â Plural Verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž

āϝāĻ–āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āϝ⧋āĻ—, āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—, āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ verb singular āĻŦāĻž plural—āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āχ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ → Singular Verb

āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ → Plural Verb


incorrect: Three plus two (are) five.

correct: Three plus two is five.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “three plus two” āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ (ā§Ģ) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Nine minus four (make) five.

correct: Nine minus four makes five.

explanation: āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻĢāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ singular verb makes āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Six times three (are) eighteen.

correct: Six times three is eighteen.

explanation: āϗ⧁āĻŖāĻĢāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ singular verb is āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


incorrect: Seven and three (produces) two separate groups.

correct: Seven and three produce two separate groups.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “seven and three” āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ plural verb produce āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: Eight divided by four (give) two equal parts.

correct: Eight divided by four gives two equal parts.

explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ—āĻĢāϞ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ (⧍), āϤāĻžāχ singular verb gives āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Key Takeaway:

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝ⧋āĻ—, āĻŦāĻŋā§Ÿā§‹āĻ—, āϗ⧁āĻŖ, āĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ → Singular Verb (is, was, makes)
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ → Plural Verb (are, were, make)


 Rule 42:

Subjunctive Mood-āĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡Â wish, suggest, recommend, demand, insist āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ clause-āĻÂ verb-āĻāϰ base form (āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  • Third person singular (he/she/it) āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“Â s/es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • Be verb-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻŦ person-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯Â be āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž:

Wish, suggest, recommend, demand, insist—āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ verb–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž clause-āĻ base form (V1) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

Subject he/she/it āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ verb-āĻ s/es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤

Be-verb āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ be āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Hypothetical / unreal condition-āĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Example:

incorrect: The coach suggested that the player follows a strict diet.

correct: The coach suggested that the player follow a strict diet.

explanation: suggest-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž clause-āĻ subjunctive mood āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ singular subject āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ verb-āĻ s/es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĨ¤ subjunctive āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ that  clause āĻāϰ verb āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ•āĻžāϞ should āωāĻšā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

incorrect: I wish she was more careful about her health.

correct: I wish she were more careful about her health.

explanation: wish-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ unreal āĻŦāĻž imaginary āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, subject āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύāĨ¤


incorrect: The committee demanded that the report is completed today.

correct: The committee demanded that the report be completed today.

explanation: demand-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž clause-āĻ be-verb-āĻāϰ subjunctive form be āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


incorrect: It is essential that every participant arrives on time.

correct: It is essential that every participant arrive on time.

explanation: essential + that clause → subjunctive mood āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ verb-āĻāϰ base form arrive āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


incorrect: He acts as if he is the owner of the company.

correct: He acts as if he were the owner of the company.

explanation: as if/ as though āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ verb-āĻ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Key Takeaway:
  • Subjunctive Mood-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ base form (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  • Be verb āϏāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ be āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  •  Hypothetical āĻŦāĻž āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Rule 43:

Present Simple/Indefinite Tense-āĻ s/es/ies āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻ–āĻ¨Â Subject āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ (he, she, it āĻŦāĻž āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ noun) āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

s/es/ies āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ verb-āĻāϰ singular form āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ Subject-Verb Agreement āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

________________________________________

 S/es/ies āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ:

āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ verb-āĻ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ:

He, She, It āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Example:

He runs every morning. (āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϏāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧌āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)

Verb āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ch, sh, x, s, o āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ:

Example:

She watches TV every day. (āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĨ¤)

He goes to school. (āϏ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤)

Verb āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ consonant + y āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ ies āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ:

Example:

She tries her best. (āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤)

He studies hard. (āϏ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧋āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤)

Vowel + y āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϝāĻŧ:

Example:

He plays football. (āϏ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤)

She enjoys reading. (āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤)


 Examples :

Third Person Singular (he, she, it):

×He run very fast. (āϏ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻĻ⧌āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) →√ runs)

× She play piano well. (āϏ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) → (√plays)

× It rain a lot in July. (āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) → (√ rains)


Verb ending with ch, sh, s, x, o (Add “es”):

× She watch TV in the evening. (āϏ⧇ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āĨ¤) → (√watches)

×He go to the gym every day. (āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϜāĻŋāĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) → (√goes)

×The bus pass my house every hour. (āĻŦāĻžāϏāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) → (√ passes)


Verb ending with consonant + y (Change y to ies):

×He try to help everyone. (āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻžāχāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤) → (√tries)

× She cry when she is sad. (āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ– āĻĒ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āĨ¤) → (√ cries)

× The baby fly in the dream. (āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āύ⧇ āωāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤) → (√ flies)

Verb ending with vowel + y (Add s):

× He play cricket every Sunday. (āϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤) → (√ plays)

× She enjoy the movie. (āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āωāĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤) → (√ enjoys)

× The boy obey his parents. (āϛ⧇āϞ⧇āϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻļā§‹āύ⧇āĨ¤) → (√ obeys)

More Example:

Explanation: Subject he singular, so verb takes s.

Incorrect: He walk to school every morning.

Correct: He walks to school every morning.


Explanation: Subject she singular; main verb must add s.

Incorrect: She read storybooks at night.

Correct: She reads storybooks at night.


Explanation: It singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: It make a strange noise.

Correct: It makes a strange noise.


Explanation: Verb ends in ch, so es is required.

Incorrect: She watch the birds from her window.

Correct: She watches the birds from her window.


Explanation: Verb ends in o; āϤāĻžāχ es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Incorrect: He go to the rooftop at sunset.

Correct: He goes to the rooftop at sunset.


Explanation: Ending ss takes es in third-person singular.

Incorrect: The train pass the station every hour.

Correct: The train passes the station every hour.


Explanation: Verb ends in sh, āϤāĻžāχ es āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: She wash her clothes on Fridays.

Correct: She washes her clothes on Fridays.


Explanation: Verb ends in x, so es is added.

Incorrect: He fix the light when it flickers.

Correct: He fixes the light when it flickers.


Explanation: Consonant + y → y changes to ies.

Incorrect: The baby cry when hungry.

Correct: The baby cries when hungry.


Explanation: Consonant + y ending verb takes ies.

Incorrect: He try to solve the puzzle.

Correct: He tries to solve the puzzle.


Explanation: Consonant + y; āϤāĻžāχ y → ies āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: The bird fly low before rain.

Correct: The bird flies low before rain.


Explanation: Vowel + y ending verb takes only s.

Incorrect: She play violin beautifully.

Correct: She plays violin beautifully.


Explanation: Vowel + y āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Incorrect: He enjoy long walks in winter.

Correct: He enjoys long walks in winter.


Explanation: Vowel + y ending—only s is added.

Incorrect: The child obey his elder sister.

Correct: The child obeys his elder sister.


Explanation: Verb ends in se sound; grammar rule requires es.

Incorrect: The cat chase butterflies in the garden.

Correct: The cat chases butterflies in the garden.


Explanation: Verb ends in sh, so es is required.

Incorrect: She finish her homework quickly.

Correct: She finishes her homework quickly.


Explanation: ch ending verbs always take es.

Incorrect: He teach English at a local school.

Correct: He teaches English at a local school.


Explanation: Regular verb; āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: The bus stop near my lane.

Correct: The bus stops near my lane.


Explanation: Third-person singular subject → verb + s.

Incorrect: He open the shop early.

Correct: He opens the shop early.


Explanation: Regular verb; āϤāĻžāχ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: She kick the ball with force.

Correct: She kicks the ball with force.

Key Takeaway:
  • He, She, It āĻŦāĻž āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ subject āĻšāϞ⧇ → s/es/ies āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ch, sh, s, x, o āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • Consonant + y āĻšāϞ⧇ ies, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Vowel + y āĻšāϞ⧇ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Rule 44:

Verbš-āĻāĻ°Â  āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ:

Incorrect: She always (walks) to school early.

Correct: She always walks to school early.

Explanation: Habitual action āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ present simple-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ s/es āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They (plays) football every afternoon.

Correct: They play football every afternoon.

Explanation: Subject plural āĻšāϞ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϰ⧂āĻĒ play āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: I (goes) to the market every Friday.

Correct: I go to the market every Friday.

Explanation: “I” subject-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: Birds (flies) in the sky.

Correct: Birds fly in the sky.

Explanation: Plural subject-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ verb-āĻāϰ V₁ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: He (eat) rice every night.

Correct: He eats rice every night.

Explanation: Third-person singular-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: Please (opens) the door.

Correct: Please open the door.

Explanation: Imperative āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: (Goes) out immediately.

Correct: Go out immediately.

Explanation: āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ/āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ V₁ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: Let him (goes) now.

Correct: Let him go now.

Explanation: “Let” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: I want (to went) home early.

Correct: I want to go home early.

Explanation: “To” infinitive-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ verb-āĻāϰ V₁ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She decided (to takes) a rest.

Correct: She decided to take a rest.

Explanation: “Decided to” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: They came (to meets) us.

Correct: They came to meet us.

Explanation: Purpose āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ infinitive-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ V₁ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤

________________________________________

Incorrect: I must (goes) now.

Correct: I must go now.

Explanation: Modal verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ base form āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: She can (drives) a car.

Correct: She can drive a car.

Explanation: “Can” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ V₁ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They will (comes) tomorrow.

Correct: They will come tomorrow.

Explanation: “Will” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: It is important that he (comes) early.

Correct: It is important that he come early.

Explanation: Subjunctive mood-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ base form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: I suggest that she (goes) home now.

Correct: I suggest that she go home now.

Explanation: Suggest/insist/demand-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ V₁ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

________________________________________

Incorrect: After meals, we usually (takes) rest.

Correct: After meals, we usually take rest.

Explanation: Adverb of frequency-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb base form āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ (plural subject).


Incorrect: He rarely (drink) milk.

Correct: He rarely drinks milk.

Explanation: Third-person singular āĻšāϞ⧇ verb-āĻ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: The stars (shines) brightly at night.

Correct: The stars shine brightly at night.

Explanation: Plural subject “stars”— āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϰ⧂āĻĒ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: My parents (supports) me in everything.

Correct: My parents support me in everything.

Explanation: “Parents” plural— āϤāĻžāχ support āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Water (boils) at 100°C.

Correct: Water boils at 100°C.

Explanation: Scientific fact āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ present simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ singular subject-āĻ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


 Rule 45:

Verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ V2 (Past Form) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ:

Verb-āĻāĻ°Â V2 (Past Form) āĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ¤Â Past Tense āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ¤Â Past Simple Tense-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻž āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“, āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ V2 āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋:

Incorrect: He (go) to school yesterday.

Correct: He went to school yesterday.

Explanation (Bangla): Yesterday āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ V₂ āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ went āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They (eat) lunch an hour ago.

Correct: They ate lunch an hour ago.

Explanation (Bangla): Ago āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ ate āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She (take) the notebook last night.

Correct: She took the notebook last night.

Explanation (Bangla): Last night āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ past form took āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


Incorrect: We (see) that drama last week.

Correct: We saw that drama last week.

Explanation (Bangla): Last week past time marker, āϤāĻžāχ saw āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He (finish) his task yesterday.

Correct: He finished his task yesterday.

Explanation : āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ finished āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He (play) cricket every afternoon when he was young.

Correct: He played cricket every afternoon when he was young.

Explanation (Bangla): āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past form played āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They (go) to that garden every Sunday.

Correct: They went to that garden every Sunday.

Explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻž repeated action āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ went āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: I (meet) him yesterday near the station.

Correct: I met him yesterday near the station.

Explanation : Yesterday āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ met āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She (leave) the office two hours ago.

Correct: She left the office two hours ago.

Explanation (Bangla): Two hours ago āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ past form left āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


Incorrect: If I (am) a bird, I would fly freely.

Correct: If I were a bird, I would fly freely.

Explanation (Bangla): āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ were āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Incorrect: I wish I (have) a little more money.

Correct: I wish I had a little more money.

Explanation (Bangla): Wish āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ unreal past āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ had āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: It is time we (go) home now.

Correct: It is time we went home now.

Explanation (Bangla): It is time–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ; āϤāĻžāχ went āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He said that he (is) happy.

Correct: He said that he was happy.

Explanation (Bangla): Reported speech-āĻ is → was āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ V₂ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: She said that she (like) mangoes.

Correct: She said that she liked mangoes.

Explanation (Bangla): Direct āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ indirect-āĻ present tense verb past tense liked āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: I (want) to ask you something politely.

Correct: I wanted to ask you something politely.

Explanation (Bangla): āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past form wanted āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: I (ask) if you need any help.

Correct: I was wondering if you needed any help.

Explanation (Bangla): āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž indirect request āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ past form needed āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Key Takeaway:

V2 āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:

  • āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ (Past Simple)
  • āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇
  • āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻ• āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇
  • Reported Speech-āĻ
  • āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇

Verb Rule 46:

Verb-āĻāĻ°Â  V3 (Past Participle Form) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ:

V3 (Past Participle Form) āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:

  • Perfect Tense āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇
  • Passive Voice āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇
  • Modal +be -āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇
  • Adjective āĻŦāĻž Modifier āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇
  • Reported Speech-āĻ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇

Incorrect: He has go to the library. (go)

Correct: He has gone to the library.

Explanation (Bangla): Perfect tense-āĻ has/have + V₃ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ gone āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤


Incorrect: They had finish their project early. (finish)

Correct: They had finished their project early.

Explanation (Bangla): Past perfect-āĻ had + V₃ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ finished āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: I have write three emails today. (write)

Correct: I have written three emails today.

Explanation (Bangla): Present perfect tense-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ past participle written āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: The message is send by the officer. (send)

Correct: The message is sent by the officer.

Explanation (Bangla): Passive voice-āĻ be verb + V₃ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ sent āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


Incorrect: The walls were paint last week. (paint)

Correct: The walls were painted last week.

Explanation (Bangla): “Were + V₃” āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ passive āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ painted āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The package has been deliver already. (deliver)

Correct: The package has been delivered already.

Explanation (Bangla): “Has been” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ past participle delivered āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He should have complete the task by now. (complete)

Correct: He should have completed the task by now.

Explanation (Bangla): Modal verb + have + V₃ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ completed āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

Incorrect: They might have go earlier. (go)

Correct: They might have gone earlier.

Explanation (Bangla): “Might have” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past participle gone āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: She must have finish the report. (finish)

Correct: She must have finished the report.

Explanation (Bangla): Must have + V₃ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽā§‡ finished āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: I saw a break chair in the storeroom. (break)

Correct: I saw a broken chair in the storeroom.

Explanation (Bangla): V₃ adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ noun āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ broken āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He looks tire after the long journey. (tire)

Correct: He looks tired after the long journey.

Explanation (Bangla): āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ tired—V₃ adjective—āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: The damage bicycle was left on the road. (damage)

Correct: The damaged bicycle was left on the road.

Explanation (Bangla): Noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ V₃ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ damaged āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: He said that he has leave the city. (leave)

Correct: He said that he had left the city.

Explanation (Bangla): Reported speech-āĻ present perfect → past perfect āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ left āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: She told me she have finish the assignment. (finish)

Correct: She told me she had finished the assignment.

Explanation (Bangla): Reported speech-āĻ tense backshift āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ had + V₃ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: He got punish for breaking the rules. (punish)

Correct: He got punished for breaking the rules.

Explanation (Bangla): Get + V₃ passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ punished āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The door got break during the storm. (break)

Correct: The door got broken during the storm.

Explanation (Bangla): Get āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ past participle broken āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Key Takeaways:

V3 (Past Participle) Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:

  • Perfect Tense-āĻ (Have/has/had + V3)
  • Passive Voice-āĻ (Be verb + V3)
  • Modal Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ (Have + V3)
  • Adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ (V3 as Modifier)
  • Get-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ (Get + V3)

Rule 47:

Usages of Verbš+ing

Example:

Incorrect: She is sing (sing) a sweet melody.

Correct: She is singing a sweet melody.

Explanation (Bangla): Present continuous-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ ing āĻŦāϏ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ singing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤

Incorrect: They were play (play) cricket in the field.

Correct: They were playing cricket in the field.

Explanation (Bangla): Past continuous tense-āĻ be verb + ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ playing āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: He will be watch (watch) a movie tonight.

Correct: He will be watching a movie tonight.

Explanation (Bangla): Future continuous-āĻ will be + ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ watching āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: Swim (swim) is good for the heart.

Correct: Swimming is good for the heart.

Explanation (Bangla): Verb noun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ gerund āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ swimming āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect: I enjoy  (read) novels.

Correct: I enjoy reading novels.

Explanation (Bangla): Enjoy-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ ing āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Incorrect: He is skilled at (paint).

Correct: He is skilled at painting.

Explanation (Bangla): Preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻ ing āĻŦāϏ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ painting āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The  (cry) baby needs rest.

Correct: The crying baby needs rest.

Explanation (Bangla): Noun āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ present participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ crying āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: The wall needs (paint).

Correct: The wall needs painting.

Explanation (Bangla): Need/require + ing passive sense āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ painting āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The man(stand) near the gate is my uncle.

Correct: The man standing near the gate is my uncle.

Explanation (Bangla): Reduced relative clause-āĻ verb-āĻāϰ ing āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: She suggested (go) to the library.

Correct: She suggested going to the library.

Explanation (Bangla): Suggest, avoid, admit, finish āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ing āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: It’s no use (cry) over a small matter.

Correct: It’s no use crying over a small matter.

Explanation (Bangla): “It’s no use”-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb-āĻ ing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She kept on  (talk) for an hour.

Correct: She kept on talking for an hour.

Explanation (Bangla): āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• phrasal verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ing āĻŦāϏ⧇; āϤāĻžāχ talking āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


Incorrect: I bought a  (wash) machine yesterday.

Correct: I bought a washing machine yesterday.

Explanation (Bangla): Compound noun āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ ing āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ; āϤāĻžāχ washing machine āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Rule:49 Present Simple / Present Indefinite

āĻ—āĻ āύ (Structure):
Active: Subject + V₁ + extension → āĻ•āϰāĻŋ/āĻ•āϰ⧇/āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ/āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϏ/āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇
Passive: Subject + am/is/are + V₃ + extension → āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Present Simple āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧇āϤ (Adverbs that indicate Present Indefinite)
Sometimes → āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡
Normally → āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ
Generally → āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ
Usually → āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ
Regularly → āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āϤ
Occasionally → āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡
Often → āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿāχ
Always → āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ
Daily → āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ
Everyday → āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāύ
Whenever → āϝāĻ–āύāχ
Never → āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āύāĻž
On Sunday → āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇
In winter → āĻļā§€āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇
All times → āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ
Frequently → āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ
āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ adverb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Present Indefinite āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

NB 1: Subject āϝāĻĻāĻŋ third person singular (he, she, it, Samin, mother āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ) āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ s / es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
NB 2: Verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ch, sh, ss, x, o, z āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ verb-āĻ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
NB 3: Verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ consonant + y āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ y → ies āĻšāĻŦ⧇ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: cry → cries)āĨ¤
NB 4: ⧧⧍āϟāĻŋ tense-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ Present Indefinite tense-āĻ verb-āĻ s/es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Incorrect: He usually (walk) to the riverbank.
Correct: He usually walks to the riverbank.
Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ he third person singular, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She often (wash) her clothes on Fridays.
Correct: She often washes her clothes on Fridays.
Explanation: verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ sh āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ es āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The boy frequently (go) to coaching.
Correct: The boy frequently goes to coaching.
Explanation: go āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ o āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ es āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


Incorrect: It always (buzz) near the light.
Correct: It always buzzes near the light.
Explanation: verb buzz āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ z āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: My sister regularly (fix) the broken toys.
Correct: My sister regularly fixes the broken toys.
Explanation: verb fix āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ x āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ es āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The bird never (cry) at night.
Correct: The bird never cries at night.
Explanation: cry āϤ⧇ consonant + y, āϤāĻžāχ y → ies āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: He sometimes (watch) the sunrise.
Correct: He sometimes watches the sunrise.
Explanation: verb-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ch, āϤāĻžāχ es āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She occasionally (kiss) her little niece.
Correct: She occasionally kisses her little niece.
Explanation: kiss āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ss, āϤāĻžāχ es āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The student usually (read) newspapers in the morning.
Correct: The student usually reads newspapers in the morning.
Explanation: student third person singular, āϤāĻžāχ reads āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Football daily (play) in this field.
Correct: Football daily is played in this field.
Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ subject football āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ passive form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ is played āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

 Rule :50 (Present Continuous Tense)

āĻāĻ–āύ, āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻāχ āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ⧇, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇, day by day—āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ adverb āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Present Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ—āĻ āύ
Active: Sub + am/is/are + v₁ + ing + ext.
(āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ / āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ / āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύ / āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇)
Passive: Sub + am/is/are + being + v₃ + ext.
(āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇)
āύ⧋āϟ
â€ĸ Singular subject → is
â€ĸ Plural subject → are
â€ĸ I → am

Example:

Incorrect: Now she [cook] dinner.
Correct: Now she is cooking dinner.
Explanation: Now āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ present continuous tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ is cooking āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: At this moment the boys [run] on the field.
Correct: At this moment the boys are running on the field.
Explanation: The boys plural subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ at this moment continuous action āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ are running āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Currently he [repair] his bicycle.
Correct: Currently he is repairing his bicycle.
Explanation: Currently āĻāĻ–āύ āϘāϟāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ singular subject āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ is repairingāĨ¤


Incorrect: Right now they [discuss] the plan.
Correct: Right now they are discussing the plan.
Explanation: Right now āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ plural subject āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ are discussing āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: At present the shop [open].
Correct: At present the shop is opening.
Explanation: At present ongoing action āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ singular subject, āϤāĻžāχ is openingāĨ¤


Incorrect: Day by day the weather [change].
Correct: Day by day the weather is changing.
Explanation: āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ continuous tense āϞāĻžāϗ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ is changingāĨ¤


Incorrect: Currently new rules [implement].
Correct: Currently new rules are being implemented.
Explanation: Passive voice āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ; plural subject + continuous passive → are being implementedāĨ¤


Incorrect: Right now the homework [check] by the teacher.
Correct: Right now the homework is being checked by the teacher.
Explanation: Passive voice; singular subject + continuous passive → is being checkedāĨ¤


Incorrect: At this moment the players [take] rest.
Correct: At this moment the players are taking rest.
Explanation: At this moment ongoing action; plural subject → are takingāĨ¤


Incorrect: Now the door [paint].
Correct: Now the door is being painted.
Explanation: āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ door-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ passive voice: is being paintedāĨ¤

Rule 51: Present Perfect 

Present Perfect tense āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿâ€”āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻāχāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āχāϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇, āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
āĻ—āĻ āύ:
Active: Sub + have/has + V₃ + â€Ļ (āĻ•āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āϛ⧇)
Passive: Sub + have/has been + V₃ + â€Ļ (āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇)

Have/has āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
â€ĸ He / She / It / Samin / Bird / Girl → has
â€ĸ They / We / You / Boys / Birds / Girls → have
â€ĸ I → have (āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ I āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻŦ⧁ have āĻšā§Ÿ)
āϝ⧇ signal word āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞ⧇ Present Perfect āĻšā§Ÿ:
just, already, yet, ever, lately, recently, so far, since, till now āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Have / has / had → āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž V₃ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
Example:

Incorrect: He already (complete) the task.

Correct: He has already completed the task.

Explanation: SubjectāϟāĻŋ āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ (he) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ “already” āφāϛ⧇, āϝāĻž Present Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āϏ⧂āϚāĻ•āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ has + verb-āĻāϰ past participle (completed) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They recently (arrive) from Dhaka.

Correct: They have recently arrived from Dhaka.

Explanation: “Recently” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ Present Perfect Tense āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ Subject “they” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ have + arrived (V₃) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: I just (finish) my homework.

Correct: I have just finished my homework.

Explanation: Subject “I” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ have āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “just” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ Present Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧂āϚāĻ•āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ have + finished āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: The letter just (deliver).

Correct: The letter has just been delivered.

Explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ passive voice āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϚāĻŋāĻ āĻŋ āĻĄā§‡āϞāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϰāĻŋ *āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇*āĨ¤ Subject “the letter” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ has been + delivered (verb-āĻāϰ past participle) āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She not (start) her journey yet.

Correct: She has not started her journey yet.

Explanation: “Yet” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ negative āĻŦāĻž interrogative āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Present Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ Subject “she” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ has not + started āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The project not (complete) yet.

Correct: The project has not been completed yet.

Explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ passive voice, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ *āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇*āĨ¤ Subject “the project” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “yet” āφāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ has not been + completed āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: We ever (visit) that place.

Correct: We have ever visited that place.

Explanation: “Ever” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Present Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ Subject “we” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ have + visited āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: He lately (see) the doctor.

Correct: He has lately seen the doctor.

Explanation: “Lately” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ Present Perfect Tense āϚāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ Subject “he” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ has + seen (V₃) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They already (repair) the road.

Correct: They have already repaired the road.

Explanation: Subject “they” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ “already” āφāϛ⧇, āϝāĻž Present Perfect Tense āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ have + repaired (V₃) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The window just (break).

Correct: The window has just been broken.

Explanation: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ passive voice, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻž *āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇*āĨ¤ Subject “the window” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “just” āφāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ has been + broken (verb-āĻāϰ past participle) āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Rule: 52 Present Perfect Continuous tense

āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāϗ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āϚāϞāϛ⧇ – āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāχ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āϏāĻšāϜ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
“āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āϧāϰ⧇ āϖ⧇āϞāϛ⧇” – āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ (āϖ⧇āϞāĻž) āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āϚāϞāϛ⧇ – āĻāϟāĻžāχ Present Perfect ContinuousāĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ “āϧāϰ⧇”, “āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇”, “āϚāϞāϛ⧇” āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāχ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Present Perfect Continuous tense āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ: Subject + have/has + been + verbš-ing
āĻāχ tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ āϝāĻ–āĻ¨â€”
āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāϛ⧇, āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āϚāϞāϛ⧇āĨ¤
For āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ (period of time) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ — āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: for two hours, for a long time
Since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž (point of time) āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ — āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: since morning, since Sunday, since 2010
 āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ:
For/Since-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āϚāϞāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ Present Perfect Continuous āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
Example:

Incorrect: They (practice) songs since sunrise.

Correct: They have been practicing songs since sunrise.

Explanation: Since āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ (sunrise) āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āϚāϞāϛ⧇, āϝāĻž Present Perfect Continuous Tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ have been + verb-ing (practicing) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She (study) for three hours.

Correct: She has been studying for three hours.

Explanation: For + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ (three hours) āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ Present Perfect Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ Subject (she) āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ has been + verb-ing (studying) āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect: We (wait) for the bus for a long time.

Correct: We have been waiting for the bus for a long time.

Explanation: For + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ (a long time) āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ Present Perfect Continuous Tense āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧋āĻœā§āϝāĨ¤ Subject “we” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ have been + verb-ing (waiting) āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: He (work) here since 2020.

Correct: He has been working here since 2020.

Explanation: Since āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ (2020) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϝāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ has been + verb-ing (working) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: I (try) to call you for half an hour.

Correct: I have been trying to call you for half an hour.

Explanation: For + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ (half an hour) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋāϰ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ Present Perfect Continuous Tense āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ Subject “I” āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ have been + verb-ing (trying) āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect: The baby (cry) since evening.

Correct: The baby has been crying since evening.

Explanation: Since āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ (evening) āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āϚāϞāϛ⧇āĨ¤ Subject “the baby” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ has been + verb-ing (crying) āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They (build) the house for several months.

Correct: They have been building the house for several months.

Explanation: For + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ (several months) āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ Subject “they” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ have been + verb-ing (building) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Samin (look) for her keys since morning.

Correct: Samin has been looking for her keys since morning.

Explanation: Since morning āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤ Subject “Samin” āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ has been + verb-ing (looking) āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


Incorrect: We (discuss) the plan for an hour.

Correct: We have been discussing the plan for an hour.

Explanation: For an hour āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ Subject “we” āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ have been + verb-ing (discussing) āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: It (rain) for the last two hours.

Correct: It has been raining for the last two hours.

Explanation: For the last two hours āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āϚāϞāϛ⧇āĨ¤ Subject “it” āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ, āϤāĻžāχ has been + verb-ing (raining) āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύāĨ¤

Rule 53: Past Simple / Indefinite Tense

āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ Past Indefinite Tense āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ adverb āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞ⧇āχ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ Past Indefinite āĻšāĻŦā§‡â€”

yesterday, ago, before, once, last week/month/year, long time ago, once upon a time, āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ/āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ Past Indefinite āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Structure Active: Sub + V2 + ext

Passive: Sub + was/were + V3 + ext

Singular subject: he, she, it, I, boy, book → was

Plural subject: they, you, we, boys, books → were

Example:

Correct sentence: I visited my uncle yesterday.

Explanation: yesterday āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ past indefinite āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ V2 form visited āĻŦāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb (She go to school last week.)

Correct sentence: She went to school last week.

Explanation: last week āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ V2 went āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Incorrect verb (They meet me two days ago.)

Correct sentence: They met me two days ago.

Explanation: ago āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ past indefinite āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ meet → met āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb (The letter reach before noon.)

Correct sentence: The letter reached before noon.

Explanation: before āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ verb-āĻāϰ V2 reached āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (Once he tell me a secret.)

Correct sentence: Once he told me a secret.

Explanation: once āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ tell → told āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb (The story begin long time ago.)

Correct sentence: The story began long time ago.

Explanation: long time ago āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ past tense āĻšāĻŦ⧇, begin → beganāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (In 1990 our school open.)

Correct sentence: In 1990 our school was opened.

Explanation: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāĻžāϞ + passive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ, āϤāĻžāχ was + V3 = was opened āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb (Yesterday the players practice hard.)

Correct sentence: Yesterday the players practiced hard.

Explanation: yesterday āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ V2 practiced āĻŦāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb (The old man live here once upon a time.)

Correct sentence: The old man lived here once upon a time.

Explanation: once upon a time āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ live → lived āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb (My bicycle repair last month.)

Correct sentence: My bicycle was repaired last month.

Explanation: last month + passive sense, āϤāĻžāχ was + V3 = was repairedāĨ¤

Rule 54: Past Continuous Tense (Right Form of Verb)

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛â€”āĻāĻŽāύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•/continuous āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ—āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ Past Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ:

  • Active → Sub + was/were + v1+ing + ext (āϤ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ/āĻ›āĻŋāϞ/āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ/āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧋/āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇)
  • Passive → Sub + was/were + being + v3 + ext (āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ)

NB:

  • Singular subject → was
  • Plural subject → were

āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻž past continuous tense āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Example:

Incorrect: He said that he (run) to the station.

Correct: He said that he was running to the station.

Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ was + running āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They told me that the baby (cry) loudly.

Correct: They told me that the baby was crying loudly.

Explanation: āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛â€”āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ was crying āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The teacher mentioned that we (prepare) for the exam.

Correct: The teacher mentioned that we were preparing for the exam.

Explanation: we plural subject, āϤāĻžāχ were preparing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• past continuous formāĨ¤


Incorrect: It (rain) heavily last night.

Correct: It was raining heavily last night.

Explanation: āĻ—āϤāϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ was raining āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: She said she (read) a novel when I called.

Correct: She said she was reading a novel when I called.

Explanation: āĻĢā§‹āύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛â€”āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœâ€”āϤāĻžāχ was readingāĨ¤


Incorrect: The boys (shout) loudly when the power went out.

Correct: The boys were shouting loudly when the power went out.

Explanation: power āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ were shoutingāĨ¤


Incorrect: He (drive) the car when the accident occurred.

Correct: He was driving the car when the accident occurred.

Explanation: āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏ⧇ āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ was drivingāĨ¤


Incorrect: The wind (blow) strongly in the evening.

Correct: The wind was blowing strongly in the evening.

Explanation: āĻ“āχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻŦāχāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛â€”āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœâ€”āϤāĻžāχ was blowingāĨ¤


Incorrect: The children (play) outside when it started to rain.

Correct: The children were playing outside when it started to rain.

Explanation: āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϖ⧇āϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ were playingāĨ¤


Incorrect: She (cook) when her friend arrived.

Correct: She was cooking when her friend arrived.

Explanation: āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŦā§€ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛â€”āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœâ€”āϤāĻžāχ was cookingāĨ¤Â 

 Rule :55: Past Perfect Tense

āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϝāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāϕ⧇ “āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤāĻĒ⧁āϰāĻžāϘāϟāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ” āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āϏāĻšāϜ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:

“āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤”

(āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ, āφāϰ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻ“ āφāϗ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤)

āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ “āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ”, “āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇”, “āĻ›āĻŋāϞ”, “āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ” āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž “āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ”, “āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ”, “āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ” āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇, āϏ⧇āϟāĻžāχ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟ āĻŸā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

When two past actions occur, one before the other, then—

After-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ → Past Perfect (had + V₃)

Before-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ → Past Perfect (had + V₃)

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Žâ€”

After–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡, āϤāĻžāχ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ Past Perfect āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Before–āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡, āϤāĻžāχ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ Past Perfect āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ

Active: Sub + had + V₃

Passive: Sub + had been + V₃

Example:

Incorrect: After he (finish) the task, he left the room.

Correct: After he had finished the task, he left the room.

Explanation: After-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ had + verb-āĻāϰ past participle (V₃) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ “finish” āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ “leave” āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


Incorrect: After the guests (arrive), we served dinner.

Correct: After the guests had arrived, we served dinner.

Explanation: āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ Past Perfect (had + arrived) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: After the storm (stop), people went outside.

Correct: After the storm had stopped, people went outside.

Explanation: āĻā§œ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ Past Perfect Tense-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ had stopped āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: After the teacher (check) the papers, she returned them.

Correct: After the teacher had checked the papers, she returned them.

Explanation: āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āϜ āĻšā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇āϰ, āϤāĻžāχ Past Perfect (had checked) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Before the sun (rise), the farmers started working.

Correct: Before the sun had risen, the farmers started working.

Explanation: Before-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡, āϏ⧇āϟāĻž Past Perfect āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤


Incorrect: Before the train (leave), we reached the station.

Correct: Before the train had left, we reached the station.

Explanation: āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āύ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ had left āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Before she (cook) breakfast, her children woke up.

Correct: Before she had cooked breakfast, her children woke up.

Explanation: āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ“ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ Past Perfect (had cooked) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Before the program (begin), many viewers logged in.

Correct: Before the program had begun, many viewers logged in.

Explanation: āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ had begun āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: After the lights (go) out, everyone screamed.

Correct: After the lights had gone out, everyone screamed.

Explanation: āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϭ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇āϰ, āϤāĻžāχ Past Perfect Tense-āĻ had gone out āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Before the doctor (arrive), the patient recovered slightly.

Correct: Before the doctor had arrived, the patient recovered slightly.

Explanation: āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ Past Perfect (had arrived) āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤

Rule 56: Past Perfect Continuous Tense 

For āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ since–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ Past Perfect Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Structure:

Active: Subject āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇ + had āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇ + been āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇ + v1 + ing āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

Meaning: āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ / āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻ›āĻŋāϞ / āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ

For = āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻĻ (for two hours, for ten years)

Since = āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ (since morning, since 2010)

Example:

āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: He wait for her since noon yesterday. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: He had been waiting for her since noon yesterday. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:  āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ Present Form (wait) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ Tense-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ since noon yesterday (āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧁āĻĒ⧁āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇) āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â 

– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: since + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ (yesterday noon) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ Past Perfect Continuous Tense-āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ Subject + had been + verb-ing āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ had been waiting āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: It rain since early morning last Friday. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: It had been raining since early morning last Friday. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:   āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: rain āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ Base Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ since early morning last Friday (āĻ—āϤ āĻļ⧁āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ­ā§‹āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇) āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤Â 

– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ (since āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž) āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ Past Perfect Continuous Tense-āĻ had been raining āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: The team practice for three hours before the match. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: The team had been practicing for three hours before the match. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:  āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: practice āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋ Simple Present Form, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ for three hours before the match āĻŦāϞāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϚ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â 

– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: for + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻĻ (three hours) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ (match) āφāϗ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ had been + practicing (verb-ing) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: She cook for a long time when I arrived. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: She had been cooking for a long time when I arrived. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:  āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: cook āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋ Tense-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋāĨ¤ when I arrived (āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϞāĻžāĻŽ) – āĻāχ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â  āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ had been cooking āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ for a long time āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻĻ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: The farmers work since sunrise that day. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: The farmers had been working since sunrise that day. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:  āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: work āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ Simple Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ since sunrise (āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ⧋āĻĻ⧟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇) āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â  āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: since + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ Past Perfect Continuous-āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ had been working āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: The baby cry for several minutes before her mother came. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: The baby had been crying for several minutes before her mother came. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: cry āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋ Tense-less Form-āĻ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ before her mother came (āĻŽāĻž āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ for several minutes (āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ• āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāϟ āϧāϰ⧇) āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â 

– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ (mother came) āφāϗ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ had been crying āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: I study since evening when the lights went out. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: I had been studying since evening when the lights went out. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:  āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: study āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ Base Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ since evening (āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āϝāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ when the lights went out (āϞāĻžāχāϟ āύāĻŋāϭ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇) āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â 

– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ (since āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž) āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϘāϟāύāĻž (lights went out) āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ had been studying āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: They walk for over an hour before they rested. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: They had been walking for over an hour before they rested. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:  āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: walk āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋ Tense-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĨ¤ for over an hour (āĻāĻ• āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ before they rested (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āύ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇) āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: for + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ had been walking āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύāĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: The members argue since the meeting started. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: The members had been arguing since the meeting started. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:  āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: argue āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ Simple Form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ since the meeting started (āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇) āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â 

– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: since + āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻž (meeting started) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ Past Perfect Continuous Tense-āĻ had been arguing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: She sleep for many hours when the alarm rang. 

āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ: She had been sleeping for many hours when the alarm rang. 

āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž:  āϭ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: sleep āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϟāĻŋ Base Form-āĻ āφāϛ⧇, āϝāĻž Tense āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ for many hours (āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āϧāϰ⧇) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ when the alarm rang (āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ) āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āϝ⧇ āϘ⧁āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â 

– āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ (alarm rang) āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ had been sleeping āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• Tense āĻ—āĻ āύāĨ¤

Rule 57: Future Indefinite 

āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ future indefinite tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ:

Active: Sub + shall/will + v1 + ext. (āĻ•āϰāĻŦā§‹/āĻŦ⧇/āĻŦāĻž/āĻŦāĻŋ)

Passive: Sub + shall/will + be + v3 + ext. (āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇)

  • I/we āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ shall, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻŦ subject āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ will āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  • Future āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ adverb āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ: tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in future, next time āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

Example:

Incorrect: I (meet) you tomorrow. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ meetāĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  meet āĻ•ā§‡Â  will/shall meet āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  tomorrowāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸÂ  āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: I shall meet you tomorrow.

Explanation :āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ subject I, āϤāĻžāχ shall + v1 āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They (start) the project next week. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ start āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  start āĻ•ā§‡Â  will/shall start āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ next weekāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸÂ  āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: They will start the project next week.

Explanation: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ “next week” āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will + v1 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: This building (repair) next year. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ repair āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  repair āĻ•ā§‡Â  will/shall be repaired āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  next year āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸÂ  āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: This building will be repaired next year.

Explanation: Passive voice, āϤāĻžāχ will be + v3 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: Samin (visit) her uncle tomorrow. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ visit āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ visit āĻ•ā§‡Â  will/shall visit āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  tomorrow āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸÂ  āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct: Samin will visit her uncle tomorrow.

Explanation :āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœâ€”subject third person—āϤāĻžāχ will + v1āĨ¤


Incorrect A new bridge (construct) next month.

Correct A new bridge will be constructed next month.

Explanation Passive structure—will be + v3 āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


Incorrect We (go) to Dhaka next morning.

Correct We shall go to Dhaka next morning.

Explanation Subject we—āϤāĻžāχ shall + v1 āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect The students (attend) a seminar next Friday.

Correct The students will attend a seminar next Friday.

Explanation “Next Friday” āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž, āϤāĻžāχ will + v1āĨ¤


Incorrect The meeting (hold) tomorrow evening.

Correct The meeting will be held tomorrow evening.

Explanation Passive—will be + v3 āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĨ¤


Incorrect She (buy) a new laptop next month.

Correct She will buy a new laptop next month.

Explanation āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ will + v1āĨ¤


Incorrect In future, people (use) more electric cars.

Correct In future, people will use more electric cars.

Explanation “In future” āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ future marker—āϤāĻžāχ will + v1āĨ¤

Rule 58: Future Continuous /Future Progressive

āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ future continuous tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Structure (āĻ—āĻ āύ):

Active: Sub + shall/will + be + V1 + Ing + object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤- (āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻŦ / āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‹ / āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ / āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇)

Passive: Sub + shall/will + be + being + V3 + by+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤-(āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāχāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻŦ⧇)

Use of Shall/Will

  • I / We → āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ shall āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
  • āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ subject → will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Future Continuous āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿāχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿâ€”

  • āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇
  • āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇

Example:

Incorrect verb: She (prepare) lessons at this time tomorrow. āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  prepare āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  prepare āĻ•ā§‡Â  will be preparing āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  prepare āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: will be preparing

Explanation: “at this time tomorrow” āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ future continuous āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ will be preparing āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb: They (travel) to Dhaka next evening.āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  travel āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  travel āĻ•ā§‡Â  will be travelingāĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: will be traveling

Explanation: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will be traveling āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb: I (work) on the project next week.āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ work āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  work āĻ•ā§‡Â  will be working āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  work āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: shall be working

Explanation: subject “I” āĻšāϞ⧇ future continuous-āĻ shall be working āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Incorrect verb: The students (practice) for the debate tomorrow afternoon.

Correct verb: will be practicing

Explanation: “tomorrow afternoon” āĻ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will be practicing āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb: Samin (drive) to Chattogram this time next day. āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  drive āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  drive āĻ•ā§‡Â  will be driving āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  drive āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: will be driving

Explanation: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will be driving āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect verb: We (discuss) the plan in the meeting next morning. āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  discuss āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  discuss āĻ•ā§‡Â  will/shall be discussing āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: shall be discussing

Explanation: subject “we”—future continuous-āĻ shall be discussing āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb: The children (play) in the garden in the evening tomorrow. āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  play āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  play āĻ•ā§‡Â  will be playing āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: will be playing

Explanation: “in the evening tomorrow” āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will be playing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb: He (write) his report at this moment tomorrow. āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  write āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  write āĻ•ā§‡Â  will be writing āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  write āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: will be writing

Explanation: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will be writing āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤


Incorrect verb: The workers (repair) the road whole day next Friday. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ repair āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  repair āĻ•ā§‡Â  will be repair āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: will be repairing

Explanation: āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŦā§‡â€”āϤāĻžāχ will be repairing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect verb: You (wait) for the bus at this spot tomorrow morning. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ wait āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  wait āĻ•ā§‡Â  will be waiting āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  wait āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžÂ  āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛Â  āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Correct verb: will be waiting

Explanation: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ ongoing action āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ will be waiting āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Rule 59: Future Perfect Tense

By–āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: by tomorrow, by next week, by 2030, by evening), āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Future Perfect Tense āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Structure:

 Active: Subject + shall/will + have + V3+ object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇.  āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ)

Passive: Subject + shall/will + have + been + V3 +by +object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇. (āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§‡â€”āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ­ āϧāĻžāρāĻšā§‡)

Note:

  • I / We → shall/will āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ
  • āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ Subject → will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ
  • Have/has/had + V3 āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ

Example:

Incorrect: She complete the design by next week. (complete). āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ complete āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ complete āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have completed āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: She will have completed the design by next week.

Explanation: “By next week” āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāχ will have completed āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: They repair the bridge by 2026. (repair)-āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  repair āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  repair āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have repaired āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: They will have repaired the bridge by 2026.

Explanation: āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ–āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ future perfect āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


Incorrect: We prepare the file by evening. (prepare)- āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ prepare āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  prepare āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have prepared āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: We will have prepared the file by evening.

Explanation: “By evening” future perfect āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡â€”will have + V3āĨ¤


Incorrect: The team win the match by the time you arrive. (win)-āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  win āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  win āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have win āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: The team will have won the match by the time you arrive.

Explanation: āĻāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ future perfectāĨ¤


Incorrect: The documents check by next Monday. (check)-āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  cheek āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ cheek āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have cheeked āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: The documents will have been checked by next Monday.

Explanation: āĻāϟāĻŋ passive idea—āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will have been checkedāĨ¤


Incorrect: Samin write the article by tonight. (write)-āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  write āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  write āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have written āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: Samin will have written the article by tonight.

Explanation: “By tonight” future perfect tense āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Incorrect: The guests leave by the time we return. (leave)-āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  leave āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  leave āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have left āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: The guests will have left by the time we return.

Explanation: āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĢ⧇āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§‡â€”future perfect āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤


Incorrect: The room clean by morning. (clean)-āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ clean āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ clean āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have cleaned āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: The room will have been cleaned by morning.

Explanation: Passive construction + by morning → will have been cleanedāĨ¤


Incorrect: You finish your assignment by next class. (finish)-āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡Â  finish āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāĻ‡Â  finish āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have finished āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ by āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect āĻāĨ¤

Correct: You will have finished your assignment by next class.

Explanation: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ future perfectāĨ¤

Rule 60:  Future Perfect Continuous Tense 

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻžāύāĻž āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ Future Perfect Continuous tense āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻ āύ (Structure): Active: Sub + shall/will + have been + V1+ing + object āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡Â  = āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻŦ / āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ / āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻŋāϤ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ

Shall / Will āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ

  • I āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ we āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ → shall / will – āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āχ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇
  • āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻŦ subject āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ → will āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āϝ⧇āϏāĻŦ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ
  • for + period of time → for two hours, for six months . For āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â Â āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžÂ + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĨ¤Â 
  • since + point of time → since morning, since 2020 . Since āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡Â Â āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžÂ  āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžÂ + āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĨ¤
  • Passive voice āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž āĻāχ tense–āĻāĨ¤

Example:

Incorrect verb (wait): I wait for three hours by the time you arrive.

Correct: I will have been waiting for three hours by the time you arrive.

Explanation: āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡â€”āϤāĻžāχ will have been + V1-ing āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (study): She study since early morning when her exam starts. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ study āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ study āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have been studying āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤

Correct: She will have been studying since early morning when her exam starts.

Explanation: āϏāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧜āĻž āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ, āϤāĻžāχ future perfect continuousāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (work) :They work for five years before the project ends. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ work āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ work āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have been working āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤

Correct: They will have been working for five years before the project ends.

Explanation: āĻĒāĻžāρāϚ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡â€”āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϧāϰ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ → future perfect continuousāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (train): The players train for two hours before the match begins. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ train āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ train āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have been trainingāĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤

Correct: The players will have been training for two hours before the match begins.

Explanation: āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϚ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϰ āφāĻ— āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϚāϞāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will have been + V1ingāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (sleep): He sleep since midnight when you call him.

Correct: He will have been sleeping since midnight when you call him.

Explanation: āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϰāĻžāϤ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϘ⧁āĻŽ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ future perfect continuousāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (rain): It rain for several days by next week. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ rain āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ raināĻ•ā§‡Â  will have been raining āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤

Correct: It will have been raining for several days by next week.

Explanation: āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ → future perfect continuousāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (travel) :We travel for eight hours when the bus reaches Dhaka. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ travel āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ travel āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have been traveling āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤

Correct: We will have been traveling for eight hours when the bus reaches Dhaka.

Explanation: āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāύ⧋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϟāĻžāύāĻž āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āϚāϞāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ will have been + ingāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (cook): Mother cook since morning when guests arrive.āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ cook  āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ cook āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have been cooking āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤

Correct: Mother will have been cooking since morning when guests arrive.

Explanation: āϏāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋ āφāϏāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤â€”future perfect continuousāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (read): The boys read for three hours by the time the teacher comes. āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ read āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ read āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have been reading āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤

Correct: The boys will have been reading for three hours by the time the teacher comes.

Explanation: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒ⧜āĻž āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡â€”āϤāĻžāχ will have been +vš ingāĨ¤


Incorrect verb (practice): Samin practice since afternoon when the program starts .āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ practice āĻšāϞ⧋ incorrect verb. āϤāĻžāχ practice āĻ•ā§‡Â  will have been practicing āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāύ for/since āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ verb āĻšāĻŦ⧇ future perfect continuous āĻāĨ¤

Correct: Samin will have been practicing since afternoon when the program starts.

Explanation: āĻĻ⧁āĻĒ⧁āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϚāϞāĻŦ⧇ → future perfect continuousāĨ¤

 

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