Narration Rules/Narration বা Speech কাকে বলে?
Definition: বক্তা যা বলে তাকে Narration বা Speech বলে।
Example:
- Samin said to Sara,” I will help you.” এখানে I will help you.কে Narration বা Speech বলে।
- “ I shall help you,” said Badhon. এখানে I shall help you.কে Narration বা Speech বলে।
- ” Have you done your job?“ asked Lily. এখানে Have you done your job? কে Narration বা Speech বলে।
- Sunzida said to Nowsin,” You should study a lot.” এখানে You should study a lot কে Narration বা Speech বলে।
- Anisa said to Tanisa,” Would you help me?”
- Anne asked Fariha,” Will you go to school?”
মনে রেখোঃ Underlined sentences বা লাল মার্ক করা sentences গুলো হলো speech বা narration।
Direct Narration/Direct Speech প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি।
Definition: বক্তা যখন অন্যের কথার কোনো পরিবর্তন না করে তুলে ধরে তখন তাকে Direct Narration বলে।
Example:
Direct: Sara said to Salim,” I have an old house.“ ছারা সেলিম কে বলেছিল ” আমার একটা পুরাতন বাড়ি আছে।” এখানে ছারার কথার কোনো পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি তাই এটি একটি Direct Narration.
Direct: The manager said to the workers,” You have to come early tomorrow.“
Direct: Sara said to Salsabil,” Can you open the door?“
Direct: Samin said to Salim “, I have done my home work.”
Direct: You said to me,”Please clean your room before you go out.”
Please ভালো করে এগুলো বার বার পড়ো।
মনে রেখোঃ Direct narration সব সময় inverted comma(“…”) এর মধ্যে থাকে। অর্থাৎ উপরের লাল মার্ক করা inverted comma(“…”) এর ভিতরের clause /Sentence গুলোকে Direct Speech/Direct Narration বলে।
Indirect Narration, Indirect Speech পরোক্ষ উক্তি।
Definition: বক্তা যখন তার কথার পরিবর্তন করে তুলে ধরে তখন তাকে indirect Narration বলে।
Example:
Direct: Samin said to Shad “Don’t touch the painting.“ ( এটা একটি direct narration) কারন direct narration সব সময় inverted comma (” “) এর ভিতর বসে।
Indirect: Samin warned Shad not to touch the painting. (এটা একটি indirect narration)
মনে রেখোঃ Indirect narration এ কখনো inverted comma (” “)ব্যাবহার হয় না। এখানে Not to touch the painting এর উভয় পাশে কোনো inverted comma (” “) নেই তাই এটি একটি Indirect narration ।
Direct: “Why didn’t you call me back?” Jasia asked Tom.
Indirect: Jasia asked Tom why he hadn’t called her back.
Direct: “I will help you with your homework,” Mayed told John.
Indirect: Mayed told John that he would help him with his homework.
মনে রেখোঃ এখানে he would help him with his homework এর উভয় পাশে কোনো inverted comma (” “) নেই এবং এটি একটি Indirect narration ।
Direct: “Are you coming to Dhaka?” Alif asked Urka.
Indirect: Alif asked Urka if she was coming to Dhaka.
মনে রেখোঃ She was coming to Dhaka এখানে Indirect Speech/narration হিসাবে ব্যাবহৃত হয়েছে।
Direct: “Where did you buy this shirt?” Emily asked Lisa.
Indirect: Emily asked Lisa where she had bought that shirt.
অর্থাৎ বলা যায় যে direct narration inverted comma এর ভিতর থাকে আর indirect narration এ কোন inverted comma থাকে না ।
Please ভালো করে এগুলো বার বার পড়ো।
Narration /Speech নিয়ে কিছু প্রশ্ন।
প্রশ্ন ১। Reporting verb কাকে বলে?
উত্তরঃ Say বা said কে reporting verb বলে।
Example:
He says/said to me,” I can help the man.” এখানে say/said reporting verb হিসাবে কাজ করছে।
মনে রেখোঃ Say/said ছাড়াও আর কিছু কিছু verb কে আমরা Reporting verb হিসাবে ব্যাবহার করে থাকি। সেগুলো হল (Ask জিজ্ঞাসা করা/inquireজিজ্ঞাসা করা/whisper ফিস ফিস করে বলা/mutter বিড় বিড় করে বলা/think মনে করা//shout চিৎকার করে বলা/cry চিৎকার করে বলা /Complain অভিযোগ করা/explain ব্যাখ্যা করা/object আপত্তি করা/point out নির্দেশ করা /protest প্রতিবাদ করা)।
Example:
Sara shouted,” I will do the same again .” ছারা চীৎকার করে বলেছিল,” আমি একঐ কাজ আবার করব।” এখানে shout reporting verb হিসাবে ব্যাবহার হয়েছে।
প্রশ্ন ২। Reporting verb এর subject ও object কাকে বলে?
উত্তরঃ He said to me “, I will help you.” এখানে He reporting verb এর subject ও Me reporting verb এর object হিসাবে কাজ করছে।
প্রশ্ন ৩। Inverted comma “ ….” কাকে বলে?
উত্তরঃ এই চিহ্ন(” “) কে inverted comma বলে।
প্রশ্ন ৪। Reported speech কাকে বলে?
উত্তরঃ He said to me “, I will help you.” ( Inverted comma এর ভিতর এর clause/sentence কে -মানে “, I will help you.” কে Reported speech বলে।
মনে রেখোঃ Inverted comma(“….”) এর ভিতর এর clause বা sentence কে Reported Speech বলে।
মনে রেখোঃ Inverted comma (“….”) এর বাইরের এর verb কে Reporting verb বলে।
NB: Please ভালো করে এগুলো বার বার পড়ো।
Direct Narration কে Indirect Narration এ রুপান্তর করতে ৫ টি জিনিসের পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
(1) Reporting verb (say/said)এর পরিবর্তন।
(2) Inverted comma(” “) এর পরিবর্তন।
(3) Person (I,We,You,)এর পরিবর্তন।
(4) Tense এর পরিবর্তন।
(5) Words এর পরিবর্তন।
মনে রেখোঃ এই ৫ টি পরিবর্তন যদি তোমরা ভালো করে পড়ো তাহলে তোমাদের Narration করতে আর কোনো সমস্যা হবে না।
NB: Please নিচের এই ৫ টি পরিবর্তন ভালো করে মুখস্ত কর।
Narration Rules(1) Reporting verb(say/said) এর পরিবর্তন।
৫ টি Sentence এর Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন গুলো নিচে দেখানো হল।
Assertive Sentence → যখন Reporting verb say/said থাকে, তখন সেটি সাধারণত tell/told দিয়ে প্রকাশ করা হয়।
- Example: He said, “I am fine.” → He told me that he was fine.
Interrogative Sentence → প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যে Reporting verb say/said বদলে ask/asked ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- Example: She said, “Are you happy?” → She asked whether I was happy.
Imperative Sentence → Reporting verb say/said এর পরিবর্তে request/order/command/advise/forbid (অথবা তাদের past form) ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- Example: The teacher said, “Read carefully.” → The teacher advised us to read carefully.
Optative Sentence → Optative Sentence এ /বাক্যে say/said এর পরিবর্তে wish/pray অথবা তাদের past form wished/prayed এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
- Example: He said, “May you live long.” → He wished me a long life.
Exclamatory Sentence → Reporting verb say/said পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim/exclaimed হয়, এবং সাথে joy, sorrow, surprise, wonder, regret ইত্যাদি যোগ হয়।
- Example: They said, “What a nice day!” → They exclaimed with joy that it was a nice day.
Assertive sentence
(Rule 1): Assertive sentence এর Reporting verb (say/said) কে tell বা told এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Example:
Direct : Lily says to Tilottoma,” I will make a house in the village.”
Indirect: Lily tells Tilottoma that she will make a house in the village ( say কে tell এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Direct : He said to me,” I will help you.”
Indirect: He told me that he would help me. ( said কে told এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Interrogative sentence
(Rule 2):Interrogative sentence এর Reporting verb (say/said) কে ask বা asked এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Example:
Direct : He says to me,” Will you help me?.”
Indirect: He asks me if I will help him. ( say কে ask এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Direct : He said to me,” Will you help me?.”.”
Indirect: He asked me if I would help him. ( said কে asked এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Imperative sentence
(Rule 3): Imperative sentence এর Reporting verb (say/said) কে Request/Order/Command/Advise/Forbid বা Requested/Ordered/Commanded/Advised/Forbade এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Example:
Direct: He says to me,” Please help me.”
Idirect:He requests me to help him.( say কে Request এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Direct: He says to me,” Get out.”
Indirect:He orders me to get out.( say কে order এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me,” Obey your parents.”
Indirect: He advised me to obey my parents.( said কে advised এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Direct: He says to me,” Finish your work.”
Indirect: He commands me to finish my work.( say কে command এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Imperative sentence with Let us
Rule (4): Let’s/Let us দিয়ে শুরু Imperative sentence এর Reporting verb (say/said) কে Propose/suggest বা Proposed /suggested এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Example:
Direct: He says to me,” Let us help the poor.”
Idirect: He proposes/suggests me that we should help the poor.( say কে proposes/suggests এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Imperative sentence with let me/him/her/it/them
Rule (5): Let me/him/her/them/you/it/Noun দিয়ে শুরু Imperative sentence এর Reporting verb (say/said) কে tell/told এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Example:
Direct: He says to me,” Let me help the poor.”
Idirect:He tells me that he might help the poor.( say কে tells এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Optative sentence
Rule (6): Optative sentence এর Reporting verb (say/said) কে Wish/pray বা Wished/prayed এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Example:
Direct : He says to me,” May you live a long life .”
Indirect: He wishes that I might live a long life. ( say কে wishes এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Direct : He said to me,” May you live long.”
Indirect: He wished that I might live long. ( said কে wished এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Exclamatory sentence
Rule (7):Exclamatory sentence এর Reporting verb (say/said) কে exclaim বা exclaimed এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
Example:
Direct : He says to me,” What a nice car it is! “
Indirect: He exclaims with wonder that it is a very nice car. ( say কে exclaim এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
Direct : He said to me,” What a nice car it is! “
Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very nice car. ( said কে exclaimed এ রূপান্তর করা হয়েছে।)
NB: Please Please ভাল করে এগুলো বার বার পড়ো।
Narration Rules (2) Inverted Comma " " এর পরিবর্তন।
৫ টি Sentence এর Inverted comma এর পরিবর্তন গুলো নিচের সংক্ষিপ্ত আকারে দেখানো হলো।
- Assertive Sentence → Inverted comma (“…”) বাদ দিয়ে বাক্যটিকে that দিয়ে যুক্ত করতে হবে।
- Interrogative Sentence → Inverted comma (“…”) সরিয়ে if / whether বা Wh-word ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- Imperative Sentence → Inverted comma (“…”) তুলে দিয়ে ক্রিয়াপদকে to (affirmative) বা not to (negative) আকারে বসাতে হবে।
- Optative Sentence → Inverted comma (“…”) মুছে ফেলে that দিয়ে রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
- Exclamatory Sentence → Inverted comma (“…”) বাদ দিয়ে বাক্যটি that দ্বারা প্রকাশ করতে হবে।
Assertive Sentence
Rule 1 : Assertive Sentence এর Inverted Comma ” ” কে that এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me ,“ I will help you.“
Indirect: He told me that he would help me.
Interrogative Sentence
Rule 2 : Interrogative Sentence এর Inverted Comma ” “ কে If/whether/WH words এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে। ( তবে WH word থাকলে If /Whether বসে না।
Example:
Direct: He said to me ,“Will you help me?.“
Indirect: He asked me if/whether I would help him.
Direct: He said to me ,“ When will you help me?.“
Indirect: He asked me when I would help him.
NB:(WH word থাকলে Inverted comma ” “ এর পরিবর্তে ঐ Wh word ই বসবে If /whether বসবে না।
Imperative Sentence
Rule 3 Imperative Sentence এর Inverted Comma ” “ কে To/Not to এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me ,“ Please sit down.“
Indirect: He requested me to sit down.
Direct: He said to me ,“ Do not sit down.“
Indirect: He requested me not to sit down.
Rule 4: Let দিয়ে শুরু Imperative Sentence এর Inverted Comma ” “ কে that এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me ,“ Let us hepl the poor.“
Indirect: He proposed to me that we shoud help the poor.
Optative Sentence
Rule 5: Optative Sentence এর Inverted Comma ” “ কে That এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me ,“ May you live long.“
Indirect: He wished that I might live long.
Exclamatory Sentence
Rule 6: Exclamatory Sentence এর Inverted Comma ” “ কে That এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me ,“ What a nice car it is!.“
Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very nice car.
NB: Please Please ভালো করে এগুলো বার বার পড়ো।
Narration Rules (3) Word এর পরিবর্তন (Adverbs and Determiners)
Reported Speech/Direct Speech এ কিছু word থাকে যে গুলো Indirect Narration/ Speech করার সময় ঐ word গুলকে পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। নিম্নের টেবিলের মাধ্যমে দেওয়া হলো।
Time Expressions
- Direct Speech এর Today কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় that day করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech-এ Tomorrow থাকে, তবে Indirect Speech-এ সেটি the next day / the following day হিসেবে প্রকাশ করতে হবে।
- Direct Speech-এ Yesterday ব্যবহৃত হলে, Indirect Speech করার সময় সেটি the previous day / the day before এ পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- Direct Speech এর Now কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় then / at that time করতে হবে।
- Direct Speech এর Tonight কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় that night করতে হবে।
- Direct Speech এর Last night কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় the previous night করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech-এ Next week থাকে তাহলে তা Indirect Speech-এ the following week হিসেবে হিসাবে রুপাূপান্তর করতে হবে।
- Direct Speech এর Last week কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় the previous week করতে হবে।
- Direct Speech এর Next year কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় the following year করতে হবে।
- Direct Speech এর Ago কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় before করতে হবে।
Place Expressions
- Direct Speech এর Here কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় there করতে হবে।
- Direct Speech এর This কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় that করতে হবে।
- Direct Speech এর These কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় those করতে হবে।
Other Expressions
- Direct Speech এর Come কে = Indirect Speech করার সময় go করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech এ Henceforth থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় from then on করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech এ Yes থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় replied in the affirmative করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech এ No থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় replied in the negative করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech এ Sir থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় respectfully করতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me,” I will go to school tomorrow.”
Indirect: He told me that he would go to school the next day.( এখানে Direct speech এর Tomorrow – Indirect Speech এ the next day হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me,” I saw you yesterday.”
Indirect: He told me that he had seen me the previous day.( এখানে Direct speech এর Yesterday – Indirect Speech এ the previous day হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me,” I will buy this book.”( এখানে Direct speech এর This – Indirect Speech এ That হয়েছে। এভাবে টেবিলের সব word কে indirect করার সময় পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।)
Indirect: He told me that he would buy that book.
Narration Rules (4) Tense এর পরিবর্তন
Rule (1): Reporting verb এর tense যদি present (say) বা future (will say) tense এর হয়.
Reporting verb এর tense যদি present (say) বা future (will say) tense এর হয় তাহলে reported speech এর tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Direct: He says to me “, I play football.”
- Indirect: He tells me that he plays football.
মনে রেখোঃ Reporting verb (say) present হওয়ার কারনে Reported speech এর tense (play ) এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Direct: He says to me “, I played football.”
- Indirect: He tells me that he played football.
মনে রেখোঃ Reporting verb (say) present হওয়ার কারনে Reported speech এর tense (played ) এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Direct: He says to me “, I will play football.”
- Indirect: He tells me that he will play football.
মনে রেখোঃ Reporting verb (say) present হওয়ার কারনে Reported speech এর tense (Will play ) এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Direct: He says to me “, I am playing football.”
- Indirect: He tells me that he is playing football.
মনে রেখোঃ Reporting verb (say) present হওয়ার কারনে Reported speech এর tense (Am playing ) এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। এবং নিচের সব Reporting verb present tense এ তাই Reported speech এর Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
Direct: He says to me “, I was playing football.”
Indirect: He tells me that he was playing football. (Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়নি।)
Direct: He says to me “, I will be playing football.”
Indirect: He tells me that he will be playing football.(Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়নি।)
Direct: He says to me “, I have played football.”
Indirect: He tells me that he has played football.(Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয়নি।)
Rule 2: Reporting verb এর tense যদি past tense (said)এর হয়.
Reporting verb এর tense যদি past tense (said)এর হয় তাহলে reported speech এর tense এর পরিবর্তন হবে। নিচের টেবিল এর মাধ্যমে কিভাবে পরিবর্তন হবে তা দেওয়া হল।
Rule (1): Present Indefinite(sub+v1) → Past Indefinite(sub+v2)
যদি Reported speech-এ Present Indefinite tense ব্যবহৃত হয়, তবে Indirect Speech-এ তা Past Indefinite tense-এ রূপান্তরিত হবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: She said, “I like mangoes.”
Indirect: She stated that she liked mangoes. - Direct: They said, “We play cricket.”
Indirect: They told that they played cricket.
Rule (2): Present Continuous (sub+am/is/are+v1-ing)→ Past Continuous (sub+was/were+v1-ing)
Present Continuous যদি তুমি Direct Speech এর মধ্যে দেখো তাহলে তা → Past Continuous Tense এ রূপান্তর করবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: She said, “We are watching TV.”
Indirect: She told that they were watching TV.
Rule (3): Present Perfect(sub+have/has+v3) → Past Perfect(sub+had+v3)
Reported speech যদি Present Perfect tense-এ থাকে, তাহলে Indirect Speech-এ তা Past Perfect tense-এ রূপ নেবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: Samin said to Salchabil, “We have seen that movie.”
Indirect: Samin told Salchabil that they had seen that movie.
Rule (4): Present Perfect Continuous যদি তুমি Direct Speech এর মধ্যে দেখো তাহলে তা → Past Perfect Continuous Tense এ রূপান্তর করবে।
যদি Reported speech Present Perfect Continuous tense-এ থাকে, Indirect Speech-এ তা Past Perfect Continuous tense হয়ে যাবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: Helana said to Samin, “I have been working here since 2010.”
Indirect: Helana said to Samin that she had been working there since 2010.
Rule (5): Past Indefinite → Past Perfect
যদি তোমরা Reported speech-এর Tense past Inde Tense এ দেখতে পাও তাহলে , Indirect Speech করার সময় সেটির পরিবর্তন করতে হবে Past perfect tense এ।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: He said, “I went to Dhaka yesterday.”
Indirect: He said that he had gone to Dhaka the previous day. - Direct: She said, “We bought a new car.”
Indirect: She stated that they had bought a new car. - Direct: They said, “I met him last week.”
Indirect: They mentioned that they had met him the previous week.
Rule (6): Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
যদি তোমরা Reported speech-এর Tense past conti Tense এ দেখতে পাও তাহলে , Indirect Speech করার সময় সেটির পরিবর্তন করতে হবে Past perfect Conti tense এ।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: Sirat said to Samin, “I was taking a novel.”
Indirect: Sirat told Samin that she had been taking a novel. - Direct: She said, “We were waiting for the bus.”
Indirect: She stated that they had been waiting for the bus. - Direct: They said, “It was raining heavily.”
Indirect: They reported that it had been raining heavily.
Rule (7): Past Perfect(had+v³) → Unchanged(had+v³)
যদি তোমরা Reported speech-এর Tense Past Perfect এ দেখতে পাও তাহলে , Indirect Speech করার সময় সেটির কোন পরিবর্তন করার দরকার নেই/ অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: She said, “We had finished lunch before you came.”
Indirect: She stated that they had finished lunch before I came.
Rule (8): Past Perfect conti → Unchanged
যদি তোমরা Reported speech-এর Tense Past Perfect conti এ দেখতে পাও তাহলে , Indirect Speech করার সময় সেটির কোন পরিবর্তন করার দরকার নেই/ অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: Sirat said to Samin, “I had been taking a novel.”
Indirect: Sirat told Samin that she had been taking a novel.
মনে রেখোঃ Future এর চার টি Tense নিয়ে তোমাদের কোন চিন্তা নেই। শুধু Shall/will কে would এ রূপান্তর করলে future এর চার tense পরিবর্তন এর কাজ শেষ।
Rule (9): Future Indefinite(will+verb¹ → Would+verb¹
যদি Reported speech-এর Tense Future Indefinite (will + verb¹) হয়, তবে Indirect Speech করার সময় তা would + verb¹-এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: Tania said to her friend, “I will bring a gift for you.”
Indirect: Tania said to her friend that she would bring a gift for her. - Direct: The teacher said to the students, “I will explain this chapter.”
Indirect: The teacher said to the students that he would explain that chapter. - Direct: They said to me, “We will support you.”
Indirect: They told me that they would support me. - Direct: My father said to me, “I will take you to the park.”
Indirect: My father said to me that he would take me to the park.
Rule (10): Future Continuous(will be +verb¹-ing → Would be + Verb¹(ing)
যদি Reported speech-এর Tense Future Continuous (will be + verb-ing) হয়, তবে Indirect Speech করার সময় তা would be + verb-ing-এ পরিবর্তিত হবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: She said to her brother, “I will be studying at 9 pm.”
Indirect: She said to her brother that she would be studying at 9 pm. - Direct: The players said, “We will be practicing tomorrow morning.”
Indirect: The players said that they would be practicing the next morning.
Rule (11): Future Perfect(will have+verb³ → Would have +verb³ /Past Participle
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: The teacher said to us, “You will have learned this topic by next week.”
Indirect: The teacher said to us that we would have learned that topic by the following week. - Direct: They said, “We will have reached home before it rains.”
Indirect: They said that they would have reached home before it rained.
Rule (1): Future perfect Continuous(will have been +verb¹-ing → Would have been + Verb¹(ing)
যদি Reported speech-এর Tense Future perfect Continuous (will have been +verb¹-ing ) হয়, তবে Indirect Speech করার সময় তা would have been + verb-ing-এ পরিবর্তিত হবে।
উদাহরণ:
- Direct: She said to her brother, “I will have been studying at 9 pm.”
Indirect: She said to her brother that she would have been studying at 9 pm.
Modal Verb Expressions
- যদি Direct Speech এ Will থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় would করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech এ Shall থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় should / would করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech এ Can থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় could করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech এ May থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় might করতে হবে।
- যদি Direct Speech এ তোমরা Must দেখতে পাও তাহলে must কে তাহলে তোমরা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় had to তে রূপুপান্তরকরবে ।
- যদি Direct Speech এ Might / Could / Should / Would থাকে তাহলে তা = Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময় unchanged থাকবে।
Reporting verb এর tense যদি past tense (said)এর হয় তাহলে reported speech এর tense এর পরিবর্তন হবে। নিম্নে উদাহরণ এর মাধ্যমে ব্যাখ্যা দেওয়া হল।
মনে রেখোঃ নিচের প্রতিটি Reporting verb এর Tense Past এর তাই Reported Speech এর Tense পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me “, I play football.”
Indirect: He told me that he played football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me “, I played football.”
Indirect: He told me that he had played football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me “, I will play football.”
Indirect: He told me that he would play football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me “, I am playing football.”
Indirect: He told me that he was playing football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me “, I was playing football.”
Indirect: He told me that he had been playing football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me “, I will be playing football.”
Indirect: He told me that he would be playing football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me “, I have played football.”
Indirect: He told me that he had played football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me “, I can play football.”
Indirect: He told me that he could play football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Direct: He said to me “, I may play football.”
Indirect: He told me that he might play football.(Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।)
Narration Rules (5) Person এর পরিবর্তন
Rule(1) Reported speech এর subject বা object যদি first person(I/We) হয় তাহলে তা Reporting verb (say/said) এর subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হবে।
মনে রেখোঃ I-ME-MY-MINE -WE-US-OUR-OURS কে first person বলে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me “, I love my mother”.
Indirect: He told me that he loved his mother.
মনে রেখোঃ I ও My first person তাই I ও My reporting verb এর subject He অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।
Direct: She said to me “, I love my mother”.
Indirect: She told me that she loved her mother.
মনে রেখোঃ I ও My first person তাই I ও My reporting verb এর subject She অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।
Direct: You said to me “, I love my mother”.
Indirect: You told me that you loved your mother.
মনে রেখোঃ I ও My first person তাই I ও My reporting verb এর subject You অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।
Direct: I said to her “, I love my mother”.
Indirect: I told her that I loved my mother.
Rule(2) Reported speech এর subject বা object যদি second person(You) হয় তাহলে তা Reporting verb (say/said) এর object অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হবে।
মনে রেখোঃ YOU-YOU-YOUR-YOURS কে second person বলে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me “, You love your mother”.
Indirect: He told me that I loved my mother.
মনে রেখোঃ You second person তাই You reporting verb এর object Me অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।
Direct: He said to her“, You love your mother”.
Indirect: He told her that she loved her mother.
মনে রেখোঃ You second person তাই You reporting verb এর object Her অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।
Direct: You said to him“, You love your mother”.
Indirect: You told him that he loved his mother.
মনে রেখোঃ You second person তাই You reporting verb এর object Him অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।
Direct: I said to you “, You love your mother”.
Indirect: I told you that you loved your mother.
Rule (3) Reported speech এর subject বা object যদি third person (I/We/You ছাড়া) হয় তাহলে তার কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
মনে রেখোঃ I-ME-MY-MINE -WE-US-OUR-OURS-YOU-YOU-YOUR-YOURS বাদে পৃথিবীর সব noun ও pronoun কে third person বলে তাই এদের কোনো পরিবর্তন হবেনা।
Example:
Direct: He said to me “, She loves her mother”.
Indirect: He told me that she loved her mother.
Direct: He said to her“, They love their mother”.
Indirect: He told her that they loved their mother.
Direct: You said to him“, Samin loves her mother”.
Indirect: You told him that Samin loved her mother.
মনে রেখোঃ He/She/They/It/ পৃথিবীর সব noun third person তাই এদের কোনো পরিবর্তন হবেনা।
মনে রেখো
- Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন ।
- Inverted comma এর পরিবর্তন ।
- Person এর পরিবর্তন ।
- Tenseএর পরিবর্তন ।
- Word এর পরিবর্তন ।
এই ৫ টি পরিবর্তন ই তোমাদের বার বার ভালো করে পড়তে হবে।
এই পরিবর্তন গুলো মুখস্ত করার পরবর্তী কাজ হল পৃথক পৃথক ভাবে ৫ Sentence এর Narration করা।
নিচের ৫ টি Sentence এর Narration ভালো ভাবে অনুশীলন করলে তোমাদের Narration শেখা হয়ে গেল।
Assertive Sentence এর Narration
- Say কে = tell করতে হবে।
- Said কে = told করতে হবে।
- ” ” কে = that করতে হবে।
গঠনঃ Subject+ tell/told+object+ that+………..
মনে রেখোঃ That এর পরে খুব সতর্ক ভাবে Reported Speech এর Person,Tense ও Word পরিবর্তন করে লিখতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me,“ I will help you tomorrow.”
Indirect: He told me that he would help me the next day.
Direct: He said to me,“ You are cooking food now.“
Indirect: He told me that I was cooking food then.
Direct: He said to me,“Sara is going to Dhaka today.”
Indirect: He told me that Sara was going to Dhaka thatday.
Direct: He said to me,“ I saw you yesterday.”
Indirect: He told me that he had seen me the previousday.
Direct: He said to me,“ I saw you ago.”
Indirect: He told me that he had seen me before.
Direct: He said to me,“ I will see you tonight.”
Indirect: He told me that he would see me that night.
Direct: He said to me,“ You are my friend.”
Indirect: He told me that I was his friend.”
Direct: He said to me,“ Thank you.”
Indirect: He thanked me.
Direct: He said to me,“ Congratulation.”
Indirect: He congratulated me.
Direct: He said to me,“ Sir, I am sick today.“
Indirect: He told me respectfully that he was sick thatday.
Direct: He said to me,“ Yes, I will help you tomorrow.”
Indirect: He replied in the affirmative and said that he would help me the next day.
Direct: He said to me,“ No, I will help you tomorrow.”
Indirect: He replied in the negative and said that he would help me the next day.
Direct: He said to me,“ Friend I will see you tonight.”
Indirect: Addressing me as friend, he told me that he would see me that night.
Direct: He said to me,“ By Allah ,I will see you tonight.”
Indirect: Swearing by Allah ,he told me that he would see me that night.
Interrogative Sentence এর Narration এর গঠন।
- Say কে = ask করতে হবে।
- Said কে= asked করতে হবে।
- ” ” কে = If/ Whether/WH word করতে হবে।
গঠনঃ Subj+ ask/asked+ obj+ If/Whether/WH word……..
মনে রেখোঃ If/Whether/Wh word এর পরে খুব সতর্ক ভাবে Reported Speech এর Person,Tense ও Word পরিবর্তন করে লিখতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: He said to me,” Do you like tea?.”
Indirect: He told me if /whether I liked tea. ( Interrogative sentence এ auxiliary verb do/does/did উঠে যায়।)
Direct: He said to me,” Did you like tea?.”
Indirect: He told me if /whether I had liked tea. ( Interrogative sentence এ auxiliary verb do/does/did উঠে যায়।)
Direct: He said to me,” Will you help me tomorrow.”
Indirect: He told me if /whether I would help him the next day.
Direct: “ Are you going to Dhaka today?“, Sara said to Salim.
Indirect: Sara asked Salim if /whether he was going to Dhaka that day.
মনে রেখোঃ উপরের direct speech গুলো Auxiliary দিয়ে শুরু হয়েছে তাই conjunction হিসাবে IF/Whether ই বসবে । WH word বসবে না।
Direct: Sara said to Salim,”What time does the meeting start tomorrow?”
Indirect: Sara asked Salim what time the meeting started the next day.
Direct: Sara said to Salim,”Where did you go for your summer vacation?”
Indirect: Sara asked Salim Where he went for his summer vacation?
Direct: Sara said to Salim,”Why are you upset about the decision?”
Indirect: Sara asked Salim Why he was upset about the decision.
Direct: Sara said to Salim,”Who is responsible for organizing the event?”
Indirect: Sara asked Salim Who was responsible for organizing the event.
মনে রেখোঃ উপরের direct speech গুলো WH দিয়ে শুরু হয়েছে তাই conjunction হিসাবে WH word ই বসবে । If বা Whether বসবে না।
Imperative Sentence এর Narration
Imperative – মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু।
- Say কে = request/order/command/advise/forbid করতে হবে।
- Said কে = requested/ordered/commanded/advised/forbade করতে হবে।
- ” ” কে = to বা not to করতে হবে।
গঠনঃ Subj+ request/order/command/advise/forbid+ obj+ to বা not to+ মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
গঠনঃSubj+requested/ordered/commanded/advised/forbade+ obj+ to বা not to+ মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
মনে রেখোঃ To বা Not to এর পরে খুব সতর্ক ভাবে Reported Speech এর Person,Tense ও Word পরিবর্তন করে লিখতে হবে।
Reported speech দ্বারা
- অনুরোধ বুঝালে = request বসে।
- আদেশ বুঝালে = order/command বসে।
- উপদেশ বুঝালে = advise বসে।
- নিষেধ বুঝালে = forbid বসে।
- কিছু না বুঝালে = tell বসে।
Example:
Direct: “Don’t touch my phone,” she said to me.
Indirect: She ordered me not to touch her phone.
Direct: “Read this book,“ Sara said to Anan.
Indirect: Sara requested Anan to read that book.
Direct: “Please sit down,” Faija said Ayon politely.
Indirect: Faija politely requested Ayon to sit down.
Direct: “Clean your room now,” he ordered me.
Indirect: He ordered me to clean my room.
Direct: “Speak louder,“ the teacher said to me.
Indirect: The teacher told me to speak louder.
Direct: “Give me a banana,“ The old man said to the students.
Indirect: The old man requested the students to give him a banana.
Direct: “Stop talking during your exam,“ Salim sir said to Galib.
Indirect: Salim sir advised Galib to stop talking during the exam.
Imperative – let us দিয়ে শুরু।
- Say কে =propose /suggest করতে হবে।
- Said কে =proposed /Suggested করতে হবে।
- ” “ কে = that করতে হবে।
গঠনঃ Subj+ propose /suggest/proposed /Suggested +obj + that +We/They+should+মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
বা Subj+ Propose/suggest/Proposed/suggested+obj + v1 ing +extension.
Example:
Direct: “Let us take a break,” she proposed to me.
Indirect: She proposed me that we shoud take a break.
Direct: “Let us not waste time,” he urged me.
Indirect: He urged me that we should not waste time.
Direct: “Let us enjoy the moment,” she exclaimed.
Indirect: She exclaimed that we should enjoy the moment.
Direct: “Let us take the scenic route,” he proposed.
Indirect: He proposed that we should take the scenic route.
Direct: “Let us keep the noise down,” she reminded us.
Indirect: She suggested us keeping the noise down.
Direct: “Let us finish this together,” he urged us.
Indirect: He suggested us finishing it together.
Imperative- let+me/him/her/them/it/you/noun দিয়ে শুরু।
- Say কে = tell করতে হবে।
- Said কে = told করতে হবে।
- ” “ কে = that করতে হবে।
গঠনঃ Subj+ tell/told +obj + that +subj+might+মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
Example:
Direct: “Let them play outside for an hour,” their mother said to me.
Indirect: Their mother told me that they might play outside for an hour.
Direct:“Let me finish my work first,” he requested me.
Indirect: He requested me that he might finish his work first.
মনে রেখোঃ Say/said ছাড়া অন্য কোনো reporting verb থাকলে তা পরিবর্তন না করা ভালো।
Direct: “Let him try again,“ the coach said to me.
Indirect: The coach told me that he might try again.
Direct:“Let them know about the meeting,” he instructed me.
Indirect: He instructed me that they might know about the meeting.
Direct:“Let you decide on the schedule,” she offered.
Indirect: She offered me that I might decide on the schedule.
Direct: “Let me explain the situation,“ he said to me.
Indirect: He told me that I might explain the situation.
Direct:“Let him make his own decisions,” she advised me.
Indirect: She advised me that he might make his own decions.
Direct:“Let her enjoy her time,“ they said to him.
Indirect: They told him that she might enjoy her time.
Optative Sentence এর Narration এর গঠন।
Optative Sentence প্রার্থনা মুলক বাক্য।
- Say কে = wish/pray করতে হবে।
- Said কে = wished/prayed করতে হবে।
- ” ” কে = that করতে হবে।
গঠনঃ Subj+ wish/pray/wished/prayed+ obj হবে না+ that +sub+may/might+ মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
Example:
Direct: Sara said to Salim,” May all your dreams become a reality.”
Indirect: Sara wished/prayed that all his dreams might become a reality.
Direct: Sara said to Salim,” May happiness fill every moment of your life.”
Indirect: Sara wished/prayed that happiness might fill every moment of his life.
Direct: Sara said to Salim,” May you always have a reason to smile.”
Indirect: Sara wished/prayed that he might always have reason to smile.
Exclamatory Sentence এর Narration
Exclamatory Sentence বিস্ময় সূচক বাক্য।
- Say কে = Exclaim with joy /fun/wonder/sorrow/grief করতে হবে।
- Said কে = Exclaimed with joy /fun/wonder/sorrow/grief করতে হবে।
- ” ” কে = that করতে হবে।
গঠনঃ Subj+ Exclaim/Exclaimed with joy /fun/wonder/sorrow/grief + object হবে না +that+………..
Reported speech দ্বারা
- আনন্দ বুঝালে = Exclaimed with joy করতে হবে।
- বিস্ময় বুঝালে = Exclaimed with wonder করতে হবে।
- মজা বুঝালে = Exclaimed with fun করতে হবে।
- দুক্ষ বুঝালে = Exclaimed with sorrow/grief করতে হবে।
Example:
Direct: Sara said to Salim,” What a beautiful day it is today!.“
Indirect: Sara exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful day that night. ( What /how এর পরিবর্তে very বসে।)
Direct: He said to me,“ How amazing this building is!“
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that that building was very amazing.
Direct: He said to me,“ How heartbreaking this news is!”
Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that that news was very heartbreaking.
Direct: He said to me,“ Alas! The beautiful garden was ruined in the war.“
Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that the beautiful garden had been ruined in the war.
Direct: He said to me,“ What a food !” ( এখানে Subject -Verb নেই তাই It is ধরে নিতে হবে।
Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that it was a great food.
মনে রেখোঃ (Direct Speech এ Adjective না থাকলে what এর পরিবর্তে great বসে।)
এক নজরে সব Narration এর গঠন।
(1) Assertive Sentence এর গঠন = Subject+ tell/told+object+ that+………..
(2) Interrogative Sentence এর গঠন = Subj+ ask/asked+ obj+ If/Whether/WH word……..
(3) Imperative Sentence এর গঠন মুল দিয়ে শুরু =Subj+ request বা requested /order বা ordered/command বা commanded/advise বা advised/forbid বা forbade + obj+ to বা not to+ মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
Imperative Sentence এর গঠন Let us দিয়ে শুরু =Subj+ propose /suggest/proposed /Suggested +obj + that +We/They+should+মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
বা Subj+ Propose/suggest/Proposed/suggested+obj + v1 ing +extension.
Imperative Sentence এর গঠন Let me/him/her/you/it/them/যে কোন Noun দিয়ে শুরু = Subj+ tell/told +obj + that +subj+might+মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
(4) Optative Sentence এর গঠন= Subj+ wish/pray/wished/prayed+ obj হবে না+ that +sub+may/might+ মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
(5)Exclamatory Sentence এর গঠন= Subj+ Exclaim/Exclaimed with joy /fun/wonder/sorrow/grief + object হবে না +that+………..
This grammar is created by
Md Salim Khan
Assistant Professor, Phultala MM College.
BSS(Hons),MA(English),PGD(London)
Phultala, Khulna.
Contact: 01710752800
Passage Narration/Narrative Style-এর নিয়মাবলি
সব ধরনের sentence-এর সমন্বয়ে Passage Narration গঠিত হয়। মনে রেখো: Sentence Narration-এর rule না জেনে, Passage Narration শুরু করা উচিৎ হবে না। সেইজন্য, Passage Narration সঠিকভাবে করা তখনই সম্ভব যখন Sentence Narration এর প্রতিটি rule ভালো করে জানা থাকে।
Passage Narration-এর জন্য যে নিয়ম গুলো জানা দরকার
Rule-01: সম্পূর্ণ Passage টি পড়ে কে speaker (বক্তা) আর কে listener (শ্রোতা) খুঁজে বের করতে হবে।
Rule-02: “Reporting verb” sentence-এর যেখানেই থাকুক না কেন, তাকে পরিবর্তনের সময় Reported speech এর শুরুতে আনতে হবে।
For example:
“Will you come with me? I need your help”, said Sara . “Yes, I will help you”, said Salim. মনে রেখো, ছোট এই passage-টি পড়ে বোঝা গেল প্রথম কথাটির speaker (বক্তা) “Sara ” এবং listener (শ্রোতা) “Salim”। Indirect করার সময় speaker ও listener কে শুরুতে আনতে হবে।
Rule-03: একই ব্যক্তি বার বার কথা বললে, নিচের ক্রম অনুসারে Reporting verb লিখতে হবে ।
Assertive Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে:
প্রথমবাক্যে:Subject+said/told+obj+that—
দ্বিতীয়বাক্যে:Subject+added that/also said that—–
তৃতীয়বাক্যে: Subject+ again said that —-
চতুর্থবাক্যে:Subject+further said that /further added that—–.
For example:
Direct: ” I am in my reading room. I need to study a lot.My exam is on Monday.”Sara said to Salim.
Indirect: Sara told Salim that she was in her room. She added that/She also said that she needed to study a lot.She again said that her exam was on Monday.
মনে রেখোঃ Assertive-এ একজন বক্তা সাধারণত তিনটির অধিক কথা পরপর বলে না
Interrogative Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে:
প্রথম বাক্যে:Subject+ asked+object+ if/Wh_ word…..
দ্বিতীয়বাক্যে:Subject+also asked+object+ if/Wh_ word…..
তৃতীয়বাক্যে:Subject+again asked+object+ if/Wh_ word…..
মনেরেখোঃ সাধারণত Interrogative sentence-এ একজন বক্তাকে তিন-এর অধিক প্রশ্ন করতে দেখা যায় না।
For example:
Direct: “What is your name? What is your mother’s name? Where are you from?” Salim said to Sara.
Indirect:Salim asked Sara what her name was. He also asked her what her mother’s name was. He again asked her where she was from.
Imperative Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে:
প্রথমবাক্যে:Subject+ordered/advised/requested +object+ to/not to……..
দ্বিতীয়বাক্যে:Subject+also ordered/advised/requested +object+ to/not to……..
তৃতীয়বাক্যে:Subject+again ordered/advised/requested +object+ to/not to……..
মনেরেখোঃ Imperative sentence-এ সাধারণত একজন বক্তা তিনের অধিক আদেশ/উপদেশ দিতে দেখা যায় না।
For example:
Direct:” Don’t touch my phone.Read this book.Clean your room now.“ Salim said to Sara.
Indirect : Salim ordered Sara not to touch his phone. He also ordered her to read that book. He again ordered her to clean her room then.
Optative Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে:
প্রথমবাক্যে:Subject+wished/prayed+ objectহবেনা+that+Subject+might+মুল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
দ্বিতীয়বাক্যে:Subject+also wished/prayed+ object হবে না+ that+ Subject+might+মুল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
মনেরেখোঃ Optative sentence-এ একজন বক্তাকে দুই এর অধিক আশা/ আকাঙ্খা প্রকাশ করতে দেখা যায় না।
For example:
Direct: Salim said to Sara, “May you get A+. May your life fill with joy.”
Indirect: Salim prayed that Sara might get A+. He also prayed that her life might fill with joy.
Exclamatory-এর ক্ষেত্রে:
প্রথমবাক্যে:Subject+ exclaimed with joy/sorrow/fun/wonder + object হবে না+ that+……
দ্বিতীয়বাক্যে:Subject+also exclaimed+with joy/sorrow/fun/wonder + object হবে না+ that+……
মনেরেখোঃ সাধারণত Exclamatory তে একজন বক্তা দুইয়ের অধিক বিস্ময়মূলক কথা বলে না।
For example:
Direct: ” What a nice tree it is! How beautiful the girls are!” Salim said to Sara.
Indirect: Salim exclaimed with wonder that that was a very nice tree. He also exclaimed with wonder that the girls were very beautiful.
Rule-04: Reported speech-এ কিছু শব্দ থাকে যাদের indirect করার সময় নিম্নরুপ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
Yes কে = replied affirmatively that এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়/replied in the affirmative that এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
For example:
Direct: Salim said to me, “Yes, I will avoid smoking in public .”
Indirect: Salim replied affirmatively that he would avoid smoking in public. অথবা, He replied in the affirmative that he would avoid smoking in public.
“No” কে = replied negatively that এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়/replied in the negative that এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
For example:
Direct: Salim said to Sara . “No, I do not agree with you.”
Indirect: Salim replied negatively that he did not agree with her. অথবা, He replied in the negative that he did not agree with her.
Sure থাকলে = Giving assurance (sentence-এর শুরুতে বসে)
For example:
Direct: Salim said to Sara, “Sure, I will teach you.”
Indirect: Giving assurance, Salim told Sara that he would teach her.
Well/ a lot বাক্যের শেষে থাকলে= very much
For example:
Direct: Slim said to Sara, “I love my students a lot.”
Indirect: Salim told Sara that he loved his students very much.
Sir/Madam বলে সম্বোধন থাকলে= politely/respectfully
For example:
Direct: Sara said to her teacher, “Sir, can you permit me?”
Indirect: Sara respectfully/politely asked her teacher if he could permit her.
মনেরেখোঃ respectfully/politely শব্দ দুটি adverb, যা সর্বদায় main verb-এরপূর্বে বা পরে বসবে।
Dear friend/Dear mom / Dear sister থাকলে = Addressing + object + as + উক্ত শব্দ /Addressing as উক্ত শব্দ।
For example:
Direct: Salim said to Sunzida, “Dear friend, You are the only person to help me.”
Indirect: Addressing her as dear friend, Salim told Sunzida that she was the only person to help him . অথবা, Addressing as dear friend, Salim told Sunzida that she was the only person to help him .
By Allah (আল্লাহর কসম)/ By God (ইশ্বরের কসম)/ By my life (আমার জীবনের কসম) থাকলে ।
= Swearing by Allah/God/life/Jove……..
For example:
Direct: Salim said to Sara, “By Allah, I will do whatever I can.”
Indirect: Swearing by Allah, Salim told Sara that he would do whatever he could.
Rule-05: Present participle phrase (verb + ing + extension) যেখানেই থাকুক না কেন, Indirect করার সময় reporting verb-এর পূর্বে বসাতে হবে।
For example:
Direct: Salim said to Sara holding her hand,” I love you more than I.”
Indirect: Holding her hand, Salim told Sara that he loved her more than he. মনেরেখোঃ “Holding her hand” একটি present participle phrase। এই ধরনের Present participle phrase থাকলে, indirect করার সময় শুরুতে নিয়ে আসতে হয়।
Rule-06: Present participle ছাড়া অন্য কোনো phrase (শব্দগুচ্ছ) থাকলে indirect করার সময় উক্ত phrase গুলো স্থান পরিবর্তন হয় না।
For example:
Direct: “Will you come here again?”, Salim said to Sara to be sure.
Indirect: Salim asked Sara to be sure if she would go there again.
মনেরেখোঃ ” to be sure” এটি একটি phrase (infinitive phrase)। এই ধরনের phrase থাকলে indirect করার সময় তা আর participle phrase-এর মত শুরুতে বসে না।
Rule-07: Universal truth,
Rule-08: Second conditional and third conditional
Rule-09: Non finite verbs
Rule-10:Unreal past
মনেরেখোঃ এখন তোমাদের কাজ হলো উপরের Sentence Narration এর ও Passage Narration এর Rules A to Z ভালো ভাবে মুখস্ত করা । তার পরে তোমরা যে কোণো Passage Narration করতে পারবে।
