Introduction / ভূমিকা
ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণে Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative বাক্যে রূপান্তর করা — অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রেখে — একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দক্ষতা। SSC, HSC, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ভর্তি পরীক্ষা এবং BCS সহ সকল প্রতিযোগিতামূলক পরীক্ষায় এই বিষয়টি গুরুত্বের সাথে পরীক্ষা করা হয়। এই রূপান্তরের নিয়মগুলো আয়ত্ত করলে শিক্ষার্থীরা ইংরেজি বাক্যের গঠন আরও ভালোভাবে বুঝতে পারে।
What is an Affirmative Sentence? / Affirmative বাক্য কী?
Affirmative বাক্য হলো এমন বাক্য যেখানে কোনো কিছু সত্য বা সম্পন্ন হয়েছে বলে ইতিবাচকভাবে প্রকাশ করা হয়। এতে ‘not’, ‘no’, ‘never’, ‘nobody’, ‘nothing’ ইত্যাদি কোনো নেতিবাচক শব্দ থাকে না।
What is a Negative Sentence? / Negative বাক্য কী?
Negative বাক্য হলো এমন বাক্য যেখানে কোনো কিছু অস্বীকার করা হয় বা কোনো কিছুর অনুপস্থিতি বোঝানো হয়। এতে সাধারণত ‘not’, ‘no’, ‘never’, ‘nobody’, ‘none’, ‘nothing’, ‘hardly’, ‘scarcely’ ইত্যাদি নেতিবাচক শব্দ থাকে।
Rule 01: Only/Alone (ব্যক্তির ক্ষেত্রে) → None but
Explanation: কোনো বাক্যে ‘Only/Alone’ দ্বারা যদি কোনো ব্যক্তিকে বোঝানো হয়, তাহলে Negative করতে ‘Only/Alone’-এর পরিবর্তে ‘None but’ বসে।
Affirmative: Only Allah can help us.
Negative: None but Allah can help us.
Rule 02: Only/Alone (বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে) → Nothing but
Explanation: কোনো বাক্যে ‘Only/Alone’ দ্বারা যদি কোনো বস্তু বা বিষয়কে বোঝানো হয়, তাহলে Negative করতে ‘Only/Alone’-এর পরিবর্তে ‘Nothing but’ বসে।
Affirmative: He wants only money.
Negative : He wants nothing but money.
Rule 03: Every / All → No
Explanation: ‘Every’ বা ‘All’ দিয়ে তৈরি Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Every/All’-এর পরিবর্তে ‘No’ বসে এবং verb-এর আগে ‘does not / do not / cannot’ ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Affirmative Every mother loves her child.
Negative No mother but loves her child.
Rule 04: Always → Never
Explanation: Affirmative বাক্যে ‘Always’ থাকলে Negative করতে ‘Always’-এর পরিবর্তে ‘Never’ বসে।
Affirmative He always tells the truth.
Negative He never tells a lie.
Rule 05: Must/have to/has to → Cannot but
Had to → could not but
Explanation: Affirmative বাক্যে ‘Must’ থাকলে Negative করতে ‘Must’-এর পরিবর্তে ‘Cannot but’ বসে এবং verb-এর base form ব্যবহার হয়।
Affirmative We must obey our parents.
Negative We cannot but obey our parents.
Rule 06: Everybody / Everyone → Nobody / No one
Explanation: Affirmative বাক্যে ‘Everybody’ বা ‘Everyone’ থাকলে Negative করতে সেগুলোর পরিবর্তে ‘Nobody’ বা ‘No one’ বসে এবং verb positive থাকে।
Affirmative Everybody wishes to be happy.
Negative Nobody wishes to be unhappy.
Rule 07: Both…and → Not only…but also
Explanation: ‘Both…and’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Both…and’-এর পরিবর্তে ‘Not only…but also’ বসানো হয়।
Affirmative Both Rahim and Karim are good students.
Negative Not only Rahim but also Karim is a good student.
Rule 08: Too…to → So…that+subj+can not/could not+to এর পরের অংশ।
Explanation: ‘Too…to’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘So…that…cannot/could not’ structure ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Affirmative KS Sara is too weak to walk.
Negative KS Sara is so weak that she cannot walk.
Rule 09: As soon as → No sooner had…than
Explanation: ‘As soon as’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘No sooner…than’ structure ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং sentence টি inversion হয়।
Affirmative As soon as KS Anan saw me, she ran away.
Negative No sooner had KS Anan seen me than she ran away.
Rule 10: Many → Not a few
Explanation: ‘Many’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Many’-এর পরিবর্তে ‘Not a few’ বসানো হয়।
Affirmative Many students passed the exam.
Negative Not a few students passed the exam.
Rule 11: Few → Not many
Explanation: ‘Few’ (অল্পসংখ্যক, প্রায় নেই বললেই চলে) দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Not many’ বসানো হয়।
Affirmative Few people came to the meeting.
Negative Not many people came to the meeting.
Rule 12: Much → Not a little
Explanation: ‘Much’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Not a little’ বসানো হয়। উভয়ই বেশি পরিমাণ বোঝায়।
Affirmative She has much courage.
Negative She has not a little courage.
Rule 13: Little → Not much
Explanation: ‘Little’ (প্রায় কিছুই নয়) দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Not much’ বসানো হয়।
Affirmative He has little patience.
Negative He does not have much patience.
Rule 14: Sometimes → Not always
Explanation: ‘Sometimes’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Not always’ বসানো হয়। অর্থ একই থাকে।
Affirmative He sometimes makes mistakes.
Negative He does not always make mistakes.
Rule 15: Superlative Degree কে → Positive Degree করল এটা negative হয়ে যায়।
Explanation: Superlative degree বিশিষ্ট Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে positive degree ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং বলা হয় ‘No other…is as/so…as’ অথবা ‘is not as…as any other’।
Affirmative Russia is the largest country in the world.
Negative No other country in the world is as large as Russia.
Rule 16: Positive Degree (as…as) → Negative (not less…than)
Explanation: ‘As…as’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Not less…than’ structure ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Affirmative Rima is as tall as Sima.
Negative Rima is not less tall than Sima.
Rule 17: Prefer…to → Do not like…as much as
Explanation: ‘Prefer…to’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Do not like…as much as’ structure ব্যবহার হয়।
Affirmative I prefer tea to coffee.
Negative I do not like coffee as much as tea.
Rule 18: Adjective (Positive) → Negative (Not + Antonym)
Explanation: Affirmative বাক্যে কোনো positive adjective থাকলে সেটিকে Negative করতে ‘not’ যোগ করে বিপরীত adjective বসানো হয়।
Affirmative She is honest.
Negative She is not dishonest.
Rule 19: As…as (Comparative Context) → Not inferior to / Not superior to
Explanation: Comparative-sense বাক্যে ‘as good as’ থাকলে Negative-এ ‘not inferior to’ বা ‘not worse than’ বসানো হয়।
Affirmative Rahim is as good as Karim.
Negative Rahim is not inferior to Karim.
Rule 20: The moment / The instant → Hardly had …when / Scarcely had… when
Explanation: ‘The moment’ বা ‘The instant’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘Hardly had…when’ বা ‘Scarcely had…when’ structure ব্যবহার হয়। Past perfect tense ব্যবহার করতে হয় এবং subject-auxiliary inversion হয়।
Affirmative The moment he arrived, the party started.
Negative Hardly had he arrived when the party started.
Rule 21: Certainly / Surely → Cannot but
Explanation: কোনো বাক্যে ‘Certainly’ বা ‘Surely’ দিয়ে নিশ্চয়তা প্রকাশ করা হলে, Negative করতে ‘Cannot but’ structure ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Affirmative He will certainly come.
Negative He cannot but come.
Rule 22: Comparative Degree → Positive Degree (Negative)
Explanation: Comparative degree বিশিষ্ট Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে Positive degree ব্যবহার করে ‘not as…as’ structure দেওয়া হয়।
Affirmative Gold is more valuable than silver.
Negative Silver is not as valuable as gold.
Rule 23: It is time / It is high time → It is not too late
Explanation: ‘It is time’ বা ‘It is high time’ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘It is not too late’ structure ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Affirmative It is high time you changed your habits.
Negative It is not too late for you to change your habits.
Rule 24:Every+Noun → There is no+noun+but+মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
Explanation: ‘
Every +Noun‘ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘
There is no+noun+but+মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।‘ structure ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Affirmative: Every father loves his child.
Negative: There is no father but loves his child.
Rule 24:নিয়ম বিহীন affirmative কে → Negative-Interrogative করতে হবে।
গঠনঃ Auxiliary+ n’t+ subj +verb থেকে বাকি অংশ।
Explanation: ‘
Every +Noun‘ দিয়ে গঠিত Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative করতে ‘
There is no+noun+but+মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।‘ structure ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Affirmative: Ks Sara goes to school.
Negative: Does n’t Ks Sara go to school?
Affirmative: Ks Sara went to school.
Negative: Did n’t Ks Sara go to school?
Affirmative: Ks Sara has gone to school.
Negative: Hasn’t Ks Sara gone to school?
Conclusion / উপসংহার
Affirmative থেকে Negative বাক্যে রূপান্তরের নিয়মগুলো আয়ত্ত করা ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণের একটি মৌলিক দিক। এই প্রবন্ধে আলোচিত ২৫টি নিয়ম সেই সাধারণ কাঠামোগুলো অন্তর্ভুক্ত করে যা দৈনন্দিন লেখা, একাডেমিক পরীক্ষা এবং প্রতিযোগিতামূলক পরীক্ষায় সবচেয়ে বেশি দেখা যায়।
Affirmative to Negative (All Questions & Answers Together)
- He lives alone in the house. → None but he lives in the house.
- Only the big banyan tree was visible. → Nothing but the big banyan tree was visible.
- Only the industrious prosper in life. → None but the industrious prosper in life.
- Only the honest are respected. → None but the honest are respected.
- Only the poor suffer in life. → None but the poor suffer in life.
- Everyone hopes to live long. → There is no one but hopes to live long/ There is no one who does not hope to live long.
- Everybody wants to enjoy a sound health. → There is nobody but wants to enjoy a sound health.
- Every guardian wants a good result from their sons and daughters. → There is no guardian but wants a good result from their sons and daughters.
- One day all men and women must leave the world. → One day all men and women cannot but leave the world.
- There were only two men in that lonely Island. → There were not more than two men in that lonely Island.
- We honour the valiant. → We do not dishonour the valiant.
- We all should be responsible. → None of us should be irresponsible.
- We should always speak the truth. → We should never tell a lie.
- He is known to me. → He is not unknown to me.
- A village doctor is a very important person. → A village doctor is not at all a less important person.
- You must obey your teachers. → You cannot but obey your teachers.
- Every mother loves her child. → There is no mother but loves her child.
- Travelling is always pleasant. → Travelling is never unpleasant.
- I missed the train. → I could not catch the train.
- We should follow the right path. → We should not follow the wrong path.
- The weather is agreeable. → The weather is not disagreeable.
- The journey was pleasant. → The journey was not unpleasant.
- The matter of these days is very common to all. → The matter of these days is not at all rare to all.
- All must obey the rule. → All cannot but obey the rule.
- The road is very narrow. → The road is not much wide.
- A wise man leads a very simple life. → A wise man does not lead a gorgeous life at all.
- I care everything. → I do not neglect anything.
- The flower is natural. → The flower is not unnatural.
- The boy is intelligent. → The boy is not dull.
- The student passed the examination. → The student did not fail the examination.
- The news made him cheerful. → The news did not make him sad.
- The story of Samin and Sara makes the student gloomy. → The story of Samin and Sara does not make the student cheerful.
- Old men forget everything. → Old men do not remember anything.
- We honour him. → We do not dishonour him.
- The guard behaves gently. → The guard does not behave rudely.
- The shopkeeper always keeps his shop open. → The shopkeeper never keeps his shop closed.
- We should look after our old parents. → We should not neglect our old parents.
- The tea is very hot. → The tea is not cold at all.
- Samin and Sara are very careful about her health. → Samin and Sara are not at all careless about her health.
- Man is mortal. → Man is not immortal.
- Samin and Sara are the best boy in the class. → No other girl in the class is as good as Samin and Sara.
- Samin and Sara are as dull as an ass. → Samin and Sara are not less dull than an ass.
- Samin and Sara were too poor to buy a gift for him. → Samin and Sara were so poor that they could not buy a gift for him.
- Samin and Sara are as ferocious as a lion. → Samin and Sara are not less ferocious than a lion.
- All men must die. → No man can escape death.
- Every rose has a thorn. → There is no rose but has a thorn.
- Samin and Sara are too weak to walk. → Samin and Sara are so weak that they cannot walk.
- As soon as Samin and Sara entered the classroom, they stood up. → No sooner had Samin and Sara entered the classroom than they stood up.
- As soon as Samin and Sara saw it, they knew that it must be for their brother. → No sooner had Samin and Sara seen it than they knew that it must be for their brother.
- Only the pious are happy. → None but the pious are happy.
Negative to Affirmative (All Questions & Answers Together)
- He does not deny his guilt. → He accepts his guilt.
- Nobody should be irresponsible. → Everybody should be responsible.
- Nothing is permanent. → Everything is temporary.
- The mangoes did not taste sweet. → The mangoes tasted sour.
- The water does not look dirty. → The water looks clean.
- The question was not correct. → The question was incorrect.
- He did not behave rudely. → He behaved kindly.
- Nothing lasts long. → Everything ends soon.
- Nobody was against him. → Everybody was with him.
- Sinners must not go unpunished. → Sinners must go punished.
- Honesty must not be unrewarded. → Honesty must be rewarded.
- The food was not kept uncovered. → The food was kept covered.
- The watchman did not close the door. → The watchman opened the door.
- The teacher did not find the room noisy. → The teacher found the room quiet.
- We could not but pocket the insult. → We must pocket the insult.
- Life is not a bed of roses. → Life is a bed of thorns.
- Man cannot remember everything. → Man can forget anything.
- He is not well educated. → He is ignorant.
- His results could not satisfy me. → His results could dissatisfy me.
- Man cannot but adjust to his own society. → Man must adjust to his own society.
- Nobody wants war. → Everybody wants peace.
- Man is not the worst creation. / No other creation is as good as man. → Man is the best creation.
- He should not be inactive. → He should be active.
- You cannot help going there. → You must go there.
- Never tell a lie. → Always speak the truth.
- He was never late. → He was always early.
- There is no mother but loves her child. → Every mother loves her child.
- There is no rose without a thorn. → Every rose has a thorn.
- I did not find many people there. → I found a few people there.
- There is no cloud without a silver lining. → Every cloud has a silver lining.
- No sooner had Salim and Samin come than the bus started. → As soon as Salim and Samin came, the bus started.
- There is nobody but likes to earn fame. → Everybody likes to earn fame.
- No sooner had Salim and Samin reached the college than the rain started. → As soon as Salim and Samin reached the college, the rain started.
Affirmative to Negative Answer (Reverse Practice Set – All Together)
- None but he lives in the house. → He lives alone in the house.
- Nothing but the big banyan tree was visible. → Only the big banyan tree was visible.
- None but the industrious prosper in life. → Only the industrious prosper in life.
- None but the honest are respected. → Only the honest are respected.
- None but the poor suffer in life. → Only the poor suffer in life.
- There is no one but wishes to lead happy life . → Everyone wishes to lead happy life
- There is nobody but wishes to lead a sound life. → Everybody wishes to lead a sound life.
- There is no parents but wants a good result from their children. → Every parent wants a good result from their children.
- One day all cannot but leave the world. → One day all must leave the world.
- There were not more than two women in that lonely island. → There were only two women in that lonely island.
- We do not dishonour the valiant. → We honour the valiant.
- We should never tell a lie. → We should always speak the truth.
- He is not unknown to me. → He is known to me.
- A village farmer is not at all a less important man. → A village farmer is a very important man.
- You cannot but obey your teachers. → You must obey your teachers.
- Travelling is never unpleasant. → Travelling is always pleasant.
- I could not catch the train. → I missed the train.
- The weather is not disagreeable. → The weather is agreeable.
- The journey was not unpleasant. → The journey was pleasant.
- Man is not immortal. → Man is mortal.
Negative to Affirmative Answer (Reverse Practice Set – All Together)
- He accepts his guilt. → He does not deny his guilt.
- Everybody should be responsible. → Nobody should be irresponsible.
- Everything is temporary. → Nothing is permanent.
- The mangoes tasted sour. → The mangoes did not taste sweet.
- The water looks clean. → The water does not look dirty.
- The question was incorrect. → The question was not correct.
- He behaved kindly. → He did not behave rudely.
- Everything ends soon. → Nothing lasts long.
- Everybody was with him. → Nobody was against him.
- Honesty must be rewarded. → Honesty must not be unrewarded.
- Life is a bed of thorns. → Life is not a bed of roses.
- He is ignorant. → He is not well educated.
- Everybody wants peace. → Nobody wants war.
- He should be active. → He should not be inactive.
- Always speak the truth. → Never tell a lie.
- He was always early. → He was never late.
- Every mother loves her child. → There is no mother but loves her child.
- Every rose has a thorn. → There is no rose without a thorn.
- I found a few people there. → I did not find many people there.
- Every cloud has a silver lining. → There is no cloud that does have a silver lining.